p.p.], adj., filthy.- Esp. of clothes (in mourning and otherwise), clad in mourning (cf. "in sackcloth and ashes").

soror, -ōris [?, cf. sister], F., a sister: soror ex matre, a half-sister.

sors, sortis [perh. SER (in sero) +tis, but the orig. sense is unc.], F., a lot (for divination), a designation by lot, a choice by lot, a drawing (of a jury), an allotment.

sortior, īrī, ītus [sorti-], 4. v. dep., cast lots, draw lots, draw a jury (by lot). Hence, obtain by

a drawing by lot, an allotment, a division by lot, a drawing (of a jury by lot).

sortitus, -us [sorti- + tus], M., an allotment, an assignment (by lot).

Sp., abbreviation for Spurius. spargō, spargere, sparsī, sparsus [SPARG], 3. v. a., scatter, fling about. - Fig., spread, extend.

Spartacus, i [?], M., a famous gladiator, who roused.a servile war in Italy, B.C. 73.

spatium, i [?], N., space, extent, a space, a distance. Transf., time, space of time, lapse of time, a period.

species, ei [SPEC + ies (akin to -ia)], F., (a sight, prob. both act. and pass.). Passively, a sight, a show, an appearance, a spectacle, (a splendid action).

spectaculum, -i [specta- + culum], N., a sight, a show, a spectacle.

spectātiō, -ōnis [specta- tio], F., a looking, a sight, a view, a contemplation.

specula, -ae [†speca- (SPEC+a; cf. conspicor) + la], F., a watchtorver, a lookout: in speculis, on the lookout.

speculator, -ōris [specula- + tor], M., a spy, a scout.

speculor, -ārī, -ātus [speculo-], I. v. dep., spy, reconnoitre, watch: speculandi causa, as a spy.

spērō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [spes(prob. orig. stem of spes) with r for s], I. v. a. and n., hope, hope for, expect, have hope for: bene sperare, have good hope.

spēs, ei [?], F., hope, expectation, hopes.

spiritus, us [spiri- (as stem of spiro)+tus], M., breath, the air we breathe. Also, spirit, inspiration. Hence in plur., pride, ar

rogance.

spīrō, -āre, -āvī, -ātūrus [?], 1. V. n. and a., breathe, blow: spirante republica (still breathing).- spirans, -antis, p. as adj., alive.

splendidus, -a, -um [prob. †splendo-dus; cf. splendeo, splendico], adj.,bright,shining,brilliant: causa splendidior fiet (gain in lustre).· Esp. as epithet of the middle class, distinguished (by wealth and character; cf. amplus), conspicuous, prominent.

splendor, -ōris [splend (as if root of splendeo) + or (for -os)],

spondeo, spondere, spopondi, sponsus [prob. formed from borrowedorový, league], 2.v. a. andn., promise (solemnly), pledge one's self.

spongia, -ae [σπoyyiά], F., a sponge (used, as now, for cleaning).

spontis (gen.), sponte (abl.) [prob. akin to spondeo], F., only with pers. pron. or (poetic) gen., of one's own accord, voluntarily.

spurcō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [spurcò-], I. v. a., defile.

Spurius, i [spurius, bastard], M., a Roman prænomen.

squāleō, -ēre, -uí, no p.p. [†squa

stabiliō, -īre, -īvī (-iī), -ītus [stabili-], 4. v. a., make firm, establish, secure, firmly establish.

stabilis, -e [STA + bilis, perh. through intermediate stem], adj., standing firmly, stable, enduring. — Fig., constant, consistent, unwavering.

stabilitas, -ātis [stabili- + tas], F., steadiness, firmness, firm foundations.

Statilius, -i [akin to sto], M., a Roman gentile name. - Esp., L. Statilius, one of the Catilinarian conspirators.

statim [acc. of †statis (sta- + tis)], adv., (as one stands, on the spot), at once, forthwith, immediately.

Stator, -ōris [STA + tor], M., the Stayer, a name of Jove as stayer of flight; also, the Stay, Supporter.

statua, -ae [statu-+a (or -va)], F., a statue (usually of men; cf. signum, effigies of gods as well).

statuō, -uere, -ui, -ūtus [statu-], 3. v. a., set up. - Hence, establish, resolve upon, determine, decide, consider, make up one's mind, take measures, set up as, regard as: modum (set a limit); aliquid severe (take any severe measures); in aliquem (deal with one).

status, us [STA +tus], M., (a standing or setting up), a position, a condition, a state.

status, -a, -um, see sisto.

sterno, sternere, strāvi, strātus [STER; cf. strages], 3. v. a., scatter, strew. Hence, lay low, prostrate. -strātus, -a, -um, p.p. as adj., prostrate, lying low, grovelling.

stimulus, -i [†stigmo- (STIG + mus)+lus], M., a goad, a spur. Fig., a stimulus, a spur, an incen

tive.

stipendiārius, -a, -um [stipendiŏ-+arius], adj., tributary, under tribute, subject to tribute (paying a fixed sum; cf. vectigalis).

stipendium, -i [stipi- and stem akin to pendo (perh. †pendus; cf. pendulus)+ium], N., a tribute. Also, pay (for military service), service, a campaign (as served and paid for).

stīpō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [†stipŏ(cf. obstipus), akin to stipes], 1. v. a., crowd. Hence, surround with a crowd, surround.

stirps, stirpis [?], M. and F., a stock. Fig., a race, a stock, the root (malorum).

stans

stō, stāre, stetī, statūrus [STA], I. v. n., (active meanings usually referred to sisto, the reduplicated form), stand, stand up: (standing, not overthrown). stomachus, -i [σтóμaxos], M., the stomach. Fig., taste, liking.

strepitus, -ūs [strepi- (as stem of strepo)+tus], M., a noise, a rattling, a murmur (of approval or otherwise), a din.

studeō, studere, studuī, no p.p. [studo- (or studa-); cf. studium], 2. v. n., be eager for or to, be devoted to, pay attention to, attend to, desire, be bent on (doing something), aim at, be anxious (to, etc.).

studiōsē [old abl. of studiosus], adv., eagerly, with care, with pains.

studiōsus, -a, -um [studiŏ- + osus], adj., zealous, fond of, devoted.

studium, -i [prob. †studŏ-+ium; cf. studeo], N., eagerness, zeal, interest, desire, devotion, fondness (for a thing), enthusiasm. — Hence, a pursuit (to which one is devoted), a profession, an occupation, a taste (for anything), a study. — Esp., a party, partisan zeal, party feeling, partisan favor: in eo studio partium, in favor of that party; consilia studia, measures and party spirit; studiis prosequemur (acclamations).

stuprum, -i [perh. akin to stupeo], N., rape, lewdness, debauchery.

suādeō, suādēre, suāsī, suāsus [causative of SVAD (cf. suavis), but perh. partly denominative; cf. suadus], 2. v. n. and a., (make agreeable to?), advise, persuade (without effect; cf. persuadeo), convince. - Esp., of laws, favor, support.

suāvis, -e [SVAD+us; cf. levis], adj., sweet, agreeable, pleasant.

sub (in comp. subs) [unc. case, prob. abl. (cf. subs), akin to super], adv. (in comp.), and prep. a. With abl. (of rest in a place), under. Also, just by. - b. With acc. (of

subinvideō, -ēre, no perf., no p.p. [sub-invideo], 2. v. n., envy slightly, be a little envious of.

subinvītō, -āre, -āvī, no p.p. [sub-invito], I. v. a., suggest, hint. subitō, see subitus.

subitus, -a, -um [p.p. of subeo], adj., (coming up secretly from under), sudden, suddenly (as if adv. taken with the verb), quick, hasty.

subito, abl. as adv., suddenly, of a sudden, all at once.

sublātus, -a, -um [sub-(t)latus], p.p. of tollo.

sublevō, -āre, -āvī, -ātus [sublevo], I. v. a., lighten up, lighten,

relieve, raise, raise up, assist, render assistance.

subolēs (sob-), -is [sub-toles (OL + es; cf. olesco)], F., offspring. subp-, see supp-.

subscribō, -scribere, -scripsi, -scriptus [sub-scribo], 3. v. a., write underneath, write down.

subsellium, -I [sub-†sellium (sella+ium)], N., a bench, a seat (esp. in the senate house or court).

subsidium, -i [sub-†sedium (SED +ium)], N., (a sitting in reserve), a reserve, a reinforcement, help, relief, support, assistance, means, resources, a source of supplies (of any kind): patriae (stay).

subsidō, -sīdere, -sēdī, -sessūrus [sub-sido], 3. v. n., sit down, remain behind, stop, stay.

subsortior, -īrī, -ītus [sub-sortior], 4. v. dep., draw in place of some one, have a substitute (drawn by lot).

substructiō, -ōnis [sub-structio; cf. substruo], F., a foundation, a substruction.

subsum, -esse, -fui, -futūrus [subsum], irr. v. n., be under, be underneath, be near, be close by (a certain distance off), be near at hand, approach.

subterfugio, fugere, -fūgī, no p.p. [subter-fugio], 3. v. n. and a., escape (from under something that impends).

subtilis, -e [akin to sub and tela], adj., fine, subtle.

subtiliter [subtili- + ter], adv., finely, acutely, minutely, in detail: iudicare (be a shrewd judge).

suburbānus, -a, -um [sub-urbe+ anus], adj., suburban. - Esp. neut. as subst., a suburban estate, a villa.

succēdō, -cēdere, -cessī, -cessūrus [sub-cedo], 3. v. n., come up, advance, come in place of, succeed to, take the place of, come next.—Also, be successful, prosper.

succēnseō, see suscenseo.

succurrō,-currere,-currī,-cursūrus [sub-curro], 3. v. n., rush to support, rush to one's rescue, relieve, succor.

sufferō, sufferre, sustuli, sublātus (referred to tollo) [sub-fero], irr. v. a., bear, suffer.

sum, esse, fuï, futūrus [AS; cf. am, is], irr. v. n., be (exist). — Also, with weakened force, be (as a mere copula). With many renderings according to the context: est de proscriptione (relates to); est in lege (is prescribed); est alicui, one has; quid alicui cum aliquo est? what has one to do with? etc.; quid de aliquo futurum est? (what will become of?); qui nunc sunt (now living); quae est civium (consists of); est alicuius, it is one's part, it is one's place, it belongs to one, and the like; meliore esse sensu (to have, etc.); esse veste mutata, to put on mourning; esse cum telo, to go armed; fuerat ille annus (had passed); esto, be it so, well; fore uti, that the result will be.

summa, -ae [fem. of summus as noun], F., (the top), the highest place, the sum, the total, the main part: belli (the general management, the chief control): ad unam summam referri, be set down to one account; ad summam, on the whole, in short, in a word.

summus, see superus.

sūmō, sumere, sūmpsī, sumptus [sub-emo (take)], 3. v. a., take away,