the orations and letters are taken as arranged in the book and the Introduction as suggested above. I am sure that these three principles are pedagogically sound, whether or not I have successfully applied them.

V. The Vocabulary is intended to contain all the words found in the text here given, and in addition all those in Verres I., Philippica XIV., Archias, Marcellus, Deiotarus, and the Manilian Law, editions of which I hope to furnish soon for supplementary reading. I shall be grateful to the student who will call my attention to words omitted.

VI. The Index will be found useful for purposes of reference and topical study.

VII. Passages for Retranslation have not been included in the book, as it seemed wisest to have them in a separate manual. An excellent little book of this kind has been prepared by Professor J. D. S. Riggs, of Granville Academy, whose In Latinum has already been introduced into many of our schools.

No claim is made for originality in the matter here given. I have drawn freely from all sources accessible to me, chiefly English and German. Besides the standard Histories of Rome and Latin Literature, and the Dictionaries of Antiquities, I have used for the Introduction the biography of Cicero by Trollope, Gow's Companion to School Classics, and the introductions to the editions mentioned below. For the Notes, I have used the editions of the several orations and letters by Halm & Laubmann, and Hofmann & Anderson in Weidmann's series, by Richter, Koch, Eberhard, Landgraf, and Frey in Teubner's series, by Hachtmann and Bouterwek in the Gotha series, by Reid, Heitland, and Purton in the Pitt Press series, by Wilkins and Holden in Macmillan's

series, by Upcott, Watson, and Pritchard & Bernard in the Clarendon Press series, and by Süpfle, Muirhead, and Long. I have not consulted any American editions while preparing my notes; but I have used for twelve years with one or more classes daily the editions of Professors Harkness, Chase & Stuart, and Allen & Greenough, and it is impossible that I should not have reproduced in many places their thoughts, perhaps even their very words. In any event, my debt to them is very great.

Finally, I must acknowledge the great assistance given me in the correction of references and revision of the proofs by my former pupil, Mr. Frederick W. Sanford, B. S., of the Jacksonville High School.

OAKWOOD, Dec. 1st, 1891.

LIFE OF CICERO.

PLACE IN ROMAN HISTORY.

MARCUS TULLIUS CICERO (106-43*), is the most promi-1 nent figure in the history of the last years of the republic. Born in an obscure country town, his family of the middle class only, without the prestige of wealth or noble birth, brought into contact with some of the greatest men Rome ever produced, -Sulla, Caesar, Pompeius, Antonius, Octavi anus, aided only by his natural talent, high ambition, and tireless industry, he left a name remarkably free from moral reproach, prominent in politics, incomparable in literature, the second, if not the first, in oratory.

HIS PRIVATE LIFE. -Judged by the standard of to-day 2 a standard by which Cicero alone of all the Romans is ever judged his character was not spotless. He was intensely vain, hot tempered, not always considerate of his friends, vindictive toward his enemies, extravagant and selfish. On the other hand, his morals were conspicuously pure. In an age of corruption and social degeneracy he was always above all scandal and reproach. He was merciful and compassionate to his slaves; his dealings with the poor and helpless were just and humane. The lifelong 3 devotion of Atticus and Tiro testifies to his amiable and affectionate nature; his defence of Roscius, Sestius, and Milo to his courage and loyalty. His tenderness to his daughter Tullia and his love for his brother Quintus touch us still. His wealth was acquired honorably, and, if spent B. C. is to be understood with all dates in this book.

lavishly, was spent on books and villas and works of art, not on the gratification of the meaner passions. His domestic relations became unhappy. After thirty years of married life he divorced Terentia. He married a young heiress and divorced her too. The sufferings of Tullia caused him the keenest sorrow, and his only son was dissipated and incapable. He found distraction, however, in his studies, and consolation in philosophy.

4 HIS POLITICAL CAREER.Cicero's political career began with his quaestorship in Sicily in 75. At the earliest legal age he became aedile and praetor. In 63 he was consul, and suppressed the conspiracy of Catilina. In 58 he was exiled, but was soon recalled. During the so-called first triumvirate he was kept in the background, neglected alike by friends and foes. During the civil war (49–45), after long and anxious hesitation, he espoused the cause of Pompeius against Caesar, but was finally reconciled to the latter, and lived on friendly terms with him until his assassination. He took no part in the plot against Caesar's life, but openly exulted in the deed of the conspirators. For a short time his early vigor reasserted itself, and he headed the patriotic party against the new triumvirate. When the cause of the republic was finally lost, he was among the first to fall a victim to the proscription. He was murdered in 43 at the age of 63.

5

Cicero was a patriot — as a politician he was a failure. He seemed unable to comprehend the tendencies of the times, the fickleness of the people, the rottenness of the aristoc racy, the insufficiency of the old constitution. He was short-sighted, hesitating, by turns lenient to weakness, and harsh to cruelty. He was easily swayed by circumstances, and often the tool of unscrupulous men. He lacked the far-seeing statesmanship, self-control, and resolute determination that gave Caesar the victory, and the disinterestedness of purpose and stubbornness of will that made Cato great in defeat. But Augustus said of him, “He loved his

country." His motives were pure, his integrity unimpeached, and he laid down his life for the republic.

HIS POSITION IN LITERATURE. To the pursuit of litera- € ture Cicero brought extraordinary intellectual capabilities, a strong imagination, refined and elevated tastes, and habits of application that excite our amazement. His learning was great, Varro alone of his contemporaries surpassed him, and to the end of his life he read and studied incessantly. His memory, like Macaulay's, was always in action, and he seems to have easily run over the immense accumulations of his intellect. He raised the Latin language to the highest plane of its development; Ciceronian Latin means all that is clear, direct, and forcible. It is doubtful whether any writer of any age has been more widely read; it is certain that none has exercised a more powerful influence upon the world. There is no style of literature that he did not attempt; but it is to rhetoric, philosophy, and his letters that he chiefly owes his fame. In the first two his 7 services to the Roman world as the mediator of Greek culture are beyond estimation; he was the first apostle to the Romans. His letters are to us a still more priceless treasure. They are a complete history of the times, bringing before us most vividly the last days of the republic. They are more than eight hundred in number and of various styles, some mere records of the events of the day, a few carefully prepared for publication as political pamphlets, the larger number friendly communications on all sorts of subjects to all sorts of people, revealing the writer's most personal relations and thoughts with the most transparent and engaging candor. Many of the letters of his correspondents too are preserved among them, and add still more, if possible, to their value.

CICERO AS AN ORATOR. Quintilian says of him: Apud 8 posteros id est consecutus, ut Cicero iam non hominis nomen sed eloquentiae habeatur. In clearness, fulness, life, and energy of style, he has never been surpassed. He