favorite word of Sallust; he uses it either with an ablative of means or of cause, as here, or with a dative to denote the aim of the effort. ―ars, when the context does not determine whether it is used in a good or in a bad meaning, always takes a qualifier.

III. 1. in magna copia rerum: as the world is full of work. — Pulchrum absurdum est: chiasmus. - haud absurdum est, no mean thing; litotes. Sallust uses haud only with adjectives and adverbs, the only exception being Bell. Jug. CX. 8, haud repulsus abibis.. pace and bello: are ablatives of means. et qui fecere, &c., both those who have themselves done great deeds, &c. 2. quidem: emphasizes mihi; to me at least. — tametsi tamen: such redundancies are found throughout the Catiline and in the first part of the Jugurtha. - arduum: not only difficult, but also unpleasant. res gestas scribere, to write history. — facta ... exaequanda sunt, the narrative must be up to the level of the deeds. - dehinc, for deinde, is not used by any writer before Sallust. quae reprehenderis, your censure of faults; the second person sing. is ideal and the clause is conditional. —ubi: an adversative conjunction has been omitted here; asyndeton. quisque : is to be translated as the subject of accipit, ducit; in Latin quisque by preference goes into the relative clause; in English it must be placed in the antecedent clause. —supra ea: short for quae supra ea sunt. This expression is used as a substantive and the direct object of ducit; a harsh construction: but cf. Cic. Or. I. 4: in poetis non Homero soli locus est aut Archilocho . . . sed horum vel secundis vel etiam infra secundos; i.e. eis qui infra secundos

sunt.

3. studio, by party feeling. Sallust when quite young joined the popular party, whose chief was Julius Caesar. — ad rem publicam, to a political career.―ibique, but in that; as neque is often adversative, so here -que. -pudore, &c.: whilst to pudore corresponds audacia, avaritia corresponds to abstinentia, and largitio to virtute; a combination of parallelism and chiasmus.

4. tametsi . . . tamen: see on III. 2. — animus, I; as repeatedly below. — malarum artium, wrongful practices; they include avaritia, audacia, largitio, just mentioned. — imbecilla aetas: means either youth or old age; here the former, — corrupta, is to be

taken with aetas. manebat.

- corrupta tenebatur: i.e. corrupta est et corrupta

5. cupido: a poetic word, instead of the classical cupiditas. Sallust was the first to use it in prose.- eadem: qualifies fama et invidia and is in the ablative. Censure and envy pursued Sallust as well as other public men of his day, though, apart from ambition, he was free from their wickedness. Compare this self-portrait of Sallust with his life.

-

IV. 1. animus, I.—ubi . . . requievit: after his return from the governorship of Numidia, in B.C. 45.- miseriis atque periculis in III. 3, he calls them multa advorsa. — bonum otium, my precious leisure.- colundo, &c.: may be either datives or ablatives; see on intentus, II. 9. — servilibus officiis: the old Romans looked upon farming as a most honorable occupation. Perhaps Sallust means to say that a man of education should not devote himself to farming exclusively, which may be as well carried on by the ignorant slave.

2. a quo incepto, &c.: we know nothing further of these early literary attempts of our author. - ambitio mala: mala, because it brought such evil consequences upon him. — eodem: for ad idem inceptum, as often in Sallust the substantive antecedent is replaced by an adverb. carptim, piecemeal. Sallust proposes to treat selected parts of Roman history, such as Catiline's conspiracy, the war with Jugurtha, the period from Sulla's death to the rise of Pompey (his lost work). — spe, metu, partibus: an active politician might be led by the hope of gain, the fear of loss, or party spirit to distort historical truth.

3. paucis: sc. verbis; some, however, take it for an adjectiv used as a substantive. The expression was colloquial; compare paucis te volo, I wish to say a few words to you, which is often met with in the comic writers.— facinus: without an adjective always has a bad meaning in Sallust. novitate: what has never happened before is novum; Rome had never seen a crime like Catiline's and had never been in so critical a position.

V. 1. L. Catilina: he was of the gens Sergia, a patrician gens that had lost its wealth. The oldest Sergius mentioned in Roman history was one of the decemvirs deprived of power in 449 B.C.

Catiline's grandfather distinguished himself in the second Punic War, in which he lost an arm. He was praetor urbanus in 197 B.C. Catiline himself was born about 108 B.C. His house stood on the Palatine Hill, the fashionable quarter of Rome. — ingenio malo pravoque: his natural disposition was bad and perverse (pravus = crooked).

2. bella intestina: the civil war between Sulla and Marius and the revolt of Lepidus took place when Catiline was a young man. · caedes, rapinae: opportunities therefor were plentiful during Sulla's domination. Catiline murdered his brother, his sister's husband (Q. Caecilius), and M. Marius Gratidianus, a relative of Marius and according to Cicero and Sallust his own grown-up son. ibique: for in iis rebus, meaning bellis, caedibus, &c. iuventutem exercuit, he trained himself whilst a young man ; for iuvenis se exercuit. Sallust often turns adjective or adverbial qualifiers into abstract nouns.

3. Observe that in the following sketch of Catiline's character, the copula and the conjunctions are omitted: to insert them would have weakened the word-picture. Corpus . . Animus: in accordance with the proposition, laid down in I. 2, nostra omnis vis in animo et corpore sita est, Sallust treats Catiline's character from these two points of view. - vigiliae: instead of vigiliarum in the plural is used to secure parallelism with inediae, algoris. — supra quam. a rare construction found again in Bell. Jug. XXIV. 5; it occurs at least once in Cicero. cuiquam: is used here because the thought is negative; his power to bear hunger, &c., was almost incredible.

4. varius: TоIKíλOS, TOλÚτρоños, versatile; it is often coupled with multiplex, as in Cicero's portrait of Catiline, pro Caelio, VI. 14: hac ille tam varia multiplicique natura. — cuius rei lubet: the tmesis of cuiusiubet is less harsh, because we distinctly feel that lubet is a verb. — simulator et dissimulator: verbal substantives in -tor and -sor are sometimes used as adjectives with the names of persons, rarely of things, and then express a lasting quality simulo, to pretend to be what one is not; dissimulo, to pretend not to be what one is. -sui, his own, his property; the gen. of suum. This is perhaps the only passage where profusus is construed with a genitive. The construction is explained by the influence of the parallel

constructions preceding it. — satis, parum: are used substantively; supply ei erat. 6. post. L. Sullae: Sulla abdicated in 80 B.C.. - modis: in the plural modus often signifies means. — quicquam pensi habebat, he did not care at all; the phrase quicquam pensi habere occurs neither in Caesar nor in Cicero. -pensi: is the partitive genitive of the neuter participle pensum, from pendo.

7. quae utraque: are neuter, though their antecedents (inopia, conscientia) are both feminine: A. & G. 187, c; B. 235, B, 2, a ; H. 445, N. 1, and 439, 3). — utraque : is used in the plural though each of the antecedents is singular. This use is rare though found in Cicero and Caesar. — quas supra memoravi: the artes referred to are mentioned in V. 4; paulo ante would be more correct than supra.

8. pessuma ac divorsa: we look for divorsissuma, as superlative is coupled only with superlative in good prose. Livy, XXXIV. 4. 1, ascribes the same thought to the elder Cato, from whom Sallust probably borrowed it.

9. supra repetere: to go farther back; the infinitive after hortor instead of the usual ut with the subjunctive is rare. With adverbs repeto is sometimes used absolutely (i.e. without object). – instituta in Cicero dissero usually has a pronoun as object; to secure variety Sallust couples various kinds of objects; this is characteristic of our author. — quo modo: with ablatives and adverbs of manner habeo means to treat, to manage.

VI. 1. Urbem . . . condidere: to retain the author's order of words, which brings out their relative importance, it is sometimes well to change the voice of the verb: The city of Rome was built. Troiani: Sallust makes Aeneas, not Romulus, the founder of Rome, though according to the traditional chronology of the Trojan War, Aeneas lived several centuries before the building of Rome. Who was Aeneas ? sedibus incertis, without fixed homes; abl. abs. — vagabantur: is the consequence of sedibus incertis. - Aborigines: according to the Roman annalists an indigenous people of Italy, who combined with the Trojans to form the Latins; perhaps these writers turned a common into a proper sine legibus . . . solutum : in grouping these four qualifiers, Sallust, as often elsewhere, omits the conjunction between the first pair and inserts it between the second. Observe

name.

also the chiastic arrangement; for he is free who has no political lord over him, whilst he is unrestrained who is bound by no law.

2. una: the plural form is used, because moenia has only the plural form. A. & G. 94, a; H. 175, 1— moenia: walls of defence, city walls, here means the city itself. - dispari genere: they were partly Trojans, partly Aborigines; ablative of quality and equivalent to a concessive clause. - ita: not to be taken with brevi; why not?— dispersa et vaga: i.e. quae dispersa et vaga fuerat: dispersa refers to the Aborigines, vaga to the Trojans.

3. res eorum: i.e. res publica eorum. · civibus, moribus, agris: Rome grew in the three essential factors of a state; viz. population, order, territory. — aucta: see on II. 6. - satis prospera, very flourishing. See on VIII. 2. — videbatur: the imperfect indicative after postquam, which is rare in Cicero, is common in Sallust and expresses state in the past.—mortalium: masculine, not neuter. — sicuti . . . habentur: as human affairs for the most part go: habentur is used for se habent.

4. bello temptare: sc. populum Romanum.-pauci, few; not "a few."-aberant, withheld their aid.

5. parare, made preparations; Sallust is the chief writer who uses paro absolutely. — auxilia portabant: colloquial instead of the literary a. ferebant. — legitumum, based on law.

6. consultabant: instead of consulebant. Sallust favors the use of frequentatives instead of their primitives, a usage characteristic of popular as opposed to literary Latin.

7. conservandae libertatis atque augendae reipublicae : are genitives of quality: which at first had been a government that preserved liberty, &c. Sallust repeatedly uses the genitive of the gerundive so. - superbiam dominationemque: i.e. superbam dominationem; hendiadys.—imperatores, heads of the govern

ment.

Their original title was praetor; but the later title consul is found in inscriptions of the fifth century A.U.c.- eo modo: i.e. si annuum sibi esset,imperium et bini imperatores. —insolescere, to usurp power.

VII. 1. ea tempestate: for the classical eo tempore. Tempestas used to denote a definite time is archaic.