with an accusative and infinitive sentence? B. 314, 3; A. 336, 2, b ; H. 643, 3; G. 628, R. (a). 15. parum, etc. had little regard for decency.' 17. compertum foret: in the subjunctive, because the reason assigned, viz. that any one had actually discovered it to be true, is denied, magis quam quod being equivalent to non quod. B. 286, 1, b; A. 321, R.; H. 588, 2; G. 541, 2.

cum

§ 15. 19. cum virgine nōbili: her name is not known. sacerdote Vestae: this was Fabia, the half-sister of Terentia, Cicero's wife. The trial resulted in an acquittal. If a Vestal virgin was convicted of having broken her vow, she was beaten and then immured alive. In all there were six Vestals. They were always dressed in white. Their duties were to keep the fire burning in the temple of Vesta, and to offer prayers and perform sacrifices to the goddess. In public they were attended by a lictor and had precedence over the highest magistrates; they were given a seat of honor at the public games; their persons were sacred; lastly, they were accorded the distinction of a burial in the Forum. They were appointed before they were 10 years of age, and might retire from the priesthood after 30 years of service; very few of them, however, availed themselves of this privilege. 20. huiusce: Sallust adds the intensive particle -ce to hic in the genitive case only, and chiefly in the phrase huiusce modī.

Page 11. 3. necātō filiō: this crime is probably alluded to in the vague suggestion made below by Cicero, 10, 12, aliō incrēdibili scelere. vacuam domum: note the corresponding phrase in Cicero. 6. neque vigiliīs neque quiētibus: neither at times of wakefulness nor in sleep'; cf. the English midnight watches.'

CICERO.

Page 10. 1. Iam vērō: 'Then again.'

6

2. illecebra: notice the use of the same word by Sallust in 10, 7. In another oration Cicero admits that Catiline's extraordinary magnetism won him the friendship of many illustrious men; see Pro Caeliō, V. 5. impellendō and adiuvandō : practically equivalent to impellēns and adiuvāns, the ablative case of the gerunds having very little significance. 10. asciverit: the perfect subjunctive following a secondary tense is regularly used in negative clauses of result to denote a simple act without regard to its continuance; the imperfect is used for a continued act. 11. Quid vērō: 'But further.' What differences do you observe between the historical and oratorical style, as shown in the parallel passages from Sallust and Cicero ?

7. ita, etc.

his conscience so excited and harassed his mind.' 8. colōs: sc. erat; the copula is frequently omitted by Sallust.

...

(Caesar and Cicero rarely

§ 16. 12. fidem . . . vīlia habēre: 'to hold cheap their honor, fortune, peril'; this infinitive phrase is the object of imperābat, being in the same construction as māiōra alia. What is the usual construction with imperāre in the best prose? use the passive infinitive or a deponent with imperare, but never, as in this case, the active infinitive.) 14. Note that imperābat occurs between two historical infinitives, commodare and circumvenire, and in the same connection; to what mood and tense, therefore, is the historical infinitive equivalent ? To what other tense is it sometimes equivalent ? sī causa, etc.: if for the time being there was no motive for committing crime.'

15. insontis sīcuti sontīs: 'the inoffensive as well as those who had offended him.' 17. potius . . . erat: 'he preferred to be.' 19. aes aliēnum: several efforts had been made before to relieve the condition of the debtor; as e.g. under the Licinian laws, B.c. 367. But, as Sallust has shown in §§ 12 and 13, the debtors were no longer honest peasants, vainly struggling against the hard times caused by incessant warfare, but reckless debauchees who might even be persuaded to become traitors to their country, if by so doing their debts might be wiped out under a new régime.

20. Sullānī mīlitēs: Sulla confiscated large tracts of land in Etruria, Latium, and Campania, and allotted them to his veterans. largius suō ūsī: 'after squandering their money.' 22. oppri

mundae rei publicae: at this time, B.C. 64, Catiline evidently did not anticipate the necessity of seizing the government by force of arms. He merely expected to secure for himself and his followers "the spoils" of the consulship, and, as governor in the succeeding year, to be able to plunder some rich province. 23. in extrēmis terris: having conquered Mithridates (B.c. 66–65), in 64, Pompey was occupied in annexing Syria as a Roman province. 26. ea: neuter plural, though referring to rēs.

Meeting of the conspirators in June, B.C. 64. Section 17.

§ 17. 28. appellare: sc. Catilina.

CICERO.

Page 11. 2. tanti facinoris immānitās=facinus tantae immānitātis.

Page 12. 1. opēs suās: 'his own resources.

4. quibus,

etc. whose necessities were most urgent, and who (therefore) were utterly reckless.' 5. senātōrii ōrdinis: all Romans who held curule magistracies, or even the quaestorship, thereby became senators. Theoretically, this gave every citizen an opportunity of securing the much coveted honor of a seat in the Senate; but practically it was limited to the favored few. For the Senate controlled the elections to such an extent as to almost invariably insure the choice of its own candidate; and these candidates were naturally from the senatorial families. Hence, notwithstanding a republican form of government, there arose in Rome the powerful senatorial order, forming a proud and exclusive nobility. In dress the senators were distinguished by the broad purple stripe-lātus clāvus — on their tunics, and, if they had held a curule magistracy, by the purple shoe-mulleus.

5. P. (Cornelius) Lentulus Sūra had been consul in 71, but in the next year had been expelled from the Senate on account of his profligacy. By his election to the praetorship for 63, he regained his place in the Senate. P. Autronius (Paetus): a schoolmate of Cicero, and quaestor in the same year with him. 6. L. Cassius Longīnus was praetor in 66, and was one of Cicero's competitors for the consulship of 63. C. Cethegus had already distinguished himself in the war with Sertorius by his reckless attempt to assassinate Q. Metellus Pius. P. et Ser. Sullae: Sullae is plural, because it belongs to both Publius and Servius (as though we should say, Henry and John Browns). These were sons of Servius Sulla, the brother of the dictator. 7. L. Varguntēius: nothing is known of him except that he had been tried for bribery.

8. ex equestrī ōrdine: in early Roman times, when it was accounted a privilege to be a cavalryman, none but those whose property amounted to 400,000 sesterces ($17,000) or more could serve in the cavalry. Later, when the Romans had no cavalry of their own, levying it all from their allies, the term equites was still applied to nonpatricians whose property was rated in the census as worth at least 400,000 sesterces. These men often succeeded in amassing immense fortunes in business or by speculation. But they had little political influence until C. Gracchus, in B.c. 123, carried a measure providing that the iudices should be selected from the equites instead of the nōbilēs. This at once arrayed them as a class against the senatorial party; and from this time forth, as a moneyed aristocracy, they possessed considerable power in Roman politics, forming a middle class

between the ōrdō senātōrius and the plebs. Their insignia were a gold ring and two narrow purple stripes - angustus clāvus· on the tunic. As regards the other conspirators mentioned here, see Vocabulary.

10. colōniis et mūnicipiīs: originally the Romans planted colonies on their frontier to protect it against the enemy. The inhabitants of the maritime colonies along the coast retained the rights of Roman citizenship, while those of the military or inland colonies lost their citizenship and became Latins. Marius and Sulla also established colonies for their veteran soldiers in different parts of Italy. The municipia were Italian towns annexed to Rome, which retained the rights of local self-government. At the close of the Social War, B.C. 89, all the colonies and municipal towns were granted full rights of citizenship, and thereafter there was practically no difference between them. domī nōbilēs: the smaller towns, imitating Rome, had their own nobility. 16. vivere cōpia: a colloquialism for vivendi copia; these young men preferred the danger and excitement of war to the tameness of a peaceful life.

18. M. Licinium Crassum: the richest Roman of his time; he was believed to be worth $8,500,000. He had gained this fortune partly by buying confiscated estates during Sulla's dictatorship, and selling them when they had risen in value, partly by educating and selling slaves. He is also said to have been in the habit of purchasing houses which were on fire, together with those adjoining them, at a low figure. Thereupon a band of his slaves, carefully trained as a fire brigade, rushed in and extinguished the fire. By rebuilding these houses, Crassus soon became the largest real estate owner in Rome.

19. invisus ipsi: Pompey and Crassus had been rivals under Sulla in 83. In the war with Spartacus, B. c. 71, Crassus won the decisive battle; but Pompey, happening to meet some scattered remnants of Spartacus's army, cut them to pieces, and for this brilliant exploit claimed and received the glory of finishing the war! In the following year they were reconciled, and were colleagues in the consulship. But Pompey's recent victories in the East had again roused the jealous enmity of Crassus. 20. cuiusvīs, etc.: 'he (Crassus) was willing to see any one's influence increase, if only it was at the expense of Pompey's power; at the same time he was confident,' etc.

Digression: Account of the conspiracy of B.C. 66. Sections 18-19. § 18. 24. de quā: sc. coniūrātiōne as suggested by coniūrāvēre. 26. P. Sulla: not the conspirator mentioned in § 17, but another

relative of the dictator; in B.C. 62 he was successfully defended by Cicero against a charge of being concerned in both conspiracies. dēsīgnātī cōnsulēs: the elections were usually held in July, the inauguration on the following 1st of January. lēgibus ambitūs : bribery was very common. To prevent detection, the money passed through the hands of three intermediate persons. Several laws had been enacted against bribery, the most recent and severe being the Lex Acilia Calpurnia (в.c. 67), which provided that any person convicted of this offence should be heavily fined and never again be permitted to hold office. 27. interrogātī: the interrogātiō was a formal examination of the accused by the praetor, as a preliminary to the regular trial. poenās dederant : i.e. being found guilty, they suffered the penalty prescribed by the law, and a new election was ordered, for which Catiline wished to present himself as a candidate.

28. pecuniarum repetundārum reus: charged with extortion' (literally accused of moneys to be demanded back'). In the year after his praetorship (B.c. 67) Catiline was governor of the province of Africa. In 66, immediately on his return to Rome in order to be a candidate for the consulship of 65, the provincials entered a formal complaint of extortion against him before the Senate. Such a charge did not absolutely debar the accused from being a candidate, but left it to the discretion of the presiding magistrate. In this case, as the decision of the consul, L. Tullus, was unfavorable to Catiline, he was compelled to give up all hope of being consul in 65.

29. intrā lēgitumōs diēs: a person was required to make formal announcement to the consul, at least 17 days before the election, of his intention to be a candidate. Catiline of course could not do so, merely because the consul persisted in refusing to permit him to be a candidate. The phrase quod . . . nequiverat therefore does not give the real reason for the consul's action (the charge of extortion), but may have been assigned as the reason in his formal report of the case. 31. factiōsus: a demagogue.'

Page 13. 1. Cum hōc . . . consilio communicātō: 'Concerting together with this man.' 2. in Capitoliō: on the inaugural day, a procession of the Senate, equitēs, and distinguished citizens escorted the consuls elect to the magnificent temple on the Capitol, where a sacrifice of white bulls was offered to Jupiter with solemn vows. 3. L. Cottam et L. Torquatum: who had been elected in place of Autronius and Sulla. 4. fascibus correptis: