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the seizure of the fasces would imply that they at once assumed con

sular authority.

6. in: how should the preposition be translated in view of the case it governs? transtulerant: the use of the pluperfect for the perfect is not uncommon in Sallust. It is as though the author, projecting himself into the next sentence, described the action as completed beforehand. 10. patrātum: an old word rarely found in Cicero, and never in Caesar. 11. ea rēs: Suetonius tells us of a suspicion that Crassus and Caesar were the leading spirits in this plot of 66, and adds that Caesar did not give the pre-arranged signal, - which was to allow his toga to slip off his shoulder, — because Crassus failed to appear at the last moment. This is very doubtful, to say the least.

§ 19. 13. quaestor prō praetōre: after their year of office, the consuls and praetors were appointed by the Senate to act as governors in the provinces, ruling prō cōnsule or prō praetōre, i.e. being vested with the powers of a consul or of a praetor. The ten quaestors who went with them were the treasurers for the army and province. Occasionally, as in the case of Piso, a quaestor was made governor of a province, with rank as praetor. 17. ā rē pūblicā : 'from the seat of government.'

party.

boni: the senatorial or aristocratic

18. in eo: i.e. in Piso. potentia Pompēī: Pompey had been remarkably successful in all the wars he had undertaken, and had added to his prestige by his recent victory over the pirates. He was now the military idol of the Roman plebs. 23. veterēs fidōsque clientīs provincials often asked the general who had conquered them to allow them to be his clients in order to secure his support at Rome. voluntate ēius: as they could not easily communicate with Pompey in the East, they probably consulted their imaginations freely as to what he would approve.

CICERO.

3. pridie Kalendās: here

Page 13. 2. hōrum: sc. senātōrum. Cicero only appears to differ with Sallust as to dates; for Cicero does not say that any attempt was made to kill the consuls on December 31st, but simply that Catiline stood armed in the comitium. That Catiline should thus go armed on the day before the attack is in keeping with his reckless audacity. 4. manum: 'band.' 5. nōn mentem aliquam: 'not any change of purpose.'

Catiline addresses the conspirators, makes large promises to them, and binds them to secrecy by a fearful oath. Sections 20–22.

Page 14. § 20. 4. multa saepe ēgerat: 'had often talked at length.' 5. in rem: ' useful.' 7. ōrātiōnem: not the speech that Catiline actually delivered, but one composed by Sallust to suit the occasion. Ancient historians commonly wrote these imaginary speeches. 9. mihi: what use of the dative? B. 189, 2; A. 232, a ; H. 431, 2; G. 354. 11. neque, etc. nor would I be grasping at uncertainty instead of certainty, if I had only cowardly or false hearts to depend on.' 13. tempestatibus: 'emergencies.' 15. simul quia, etc.: ‘at the same time, because I know that you and I regard the same things as good and evil.' 16. Nam, etc. For to have the same likes and dislikes, this after all is what constitutes firm friendship.'

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19. Cēterum: I have only to add that.' 20. nisi, etc.: 'unless we, taking the matter into our own hands, assert our claim to liberty.' 23. semper, etc.: 'kings and tetrarchs have always been tributary to them.' tetrarchae: this word had lost its original significance, ruler of a fourth part of the land,' and was applied to 'petty princes,' such as the tetrarch of Galatia or of Thessaly. 24. cēterī, etc. all the rest of us, however energetic or honest, whether of the nobility or not.' 26. sī rēs, etc. if republican principles availed.' 30. quo usque tandem: cf. the opening words of Cicero's first speech against Catiline, Quo usque tandem abūtēre, Catilina, patientiā nostrā ? 31. per virtutem: translate as an 32. inhonestam: not 'dishonest.'

adverb.

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Page 15. 1. prō: this interjection is sometimes used with the vocative (cf. prō dī immortālēs), and sometimes, as here, with the accusative, by faith in gods and men.' 3. illīs: dative; translate, they are altogether enfeebled by reason of their years and riches.' 4. cōnsenuērunt: the first instance of the longer form of the perfect third plural; there are only three others in the Catiline. -ērunt was preferred by most writers, while -ēre was more common in popular speech. Cato first used the latter at all extensively, being closely followed by Sallust in this, as in many other respects. cētera rēs expediet: 'the course of events will do the rest.' 5. Etenim: 'And besides.' 7. in exstruendō marī, etc.: see note to 9, 8. 9. larem familiarem: the deified ancestor of the family, who was believed to linger about the hearth; hence, by metonomy,

'home.' 8, 17.

6

11. toreumata: the Greek equivalent for vāsa caelāta, nova, etc.: 'they tear down new buildings, they erect others.' 14. mala, etc.: the present is bad, the future is still more desperate.' rēs, spēs: a favorite alliteration; cf. 'luck and pluck.' tempus: 'The circumstances, the opportunity.'

20. Rēs,

§ 21. 26. quibus, etc.: whose lives abounded in all evil.' 27. tametsī, etc.: 'great as seemed to them the reward of disturbing the public peace.' 29. quae condiciō, etc. : 'under what conditions they were to engage in war. " 30. ubique: 'anywhere.' 31. tabulās novās: debts were recorded on wooden tablets covered with wax; hence 'new tablets' would imply either an abolition or reduction of debts. prōscriptiōnem: originally a bill posted to advertise a sale, but, during Sulla's reign of terror, the word came to mean the sale of property belonging to those who were condemned to banishment or death.

32. sacerdōtia: of the various colleges of priests at this time, the pontifices and augurēs (fifteen of each) were elected by the people. The pontifices superintended the religious services of the state and regulated the calendar. The augures could further or prevent any public act whatever, whether of peace or war, simply by declaring the auspices favorable or unfavorable. Both these boards, therefore, had great political influence. No preliminary training was required for these priestly offices, nor did they exclude any one from holding a civil magistracy at the same time. As, therefore, they were attended by considerable distinction and influence, they were much coveted.

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Pisōnem :

2. esse
3. P. Sittius of Nuceria

Page 16. 1. fert: 'comes with.' indirect discourse following pollicērī. was an adventurer. He left Rome for Spain in B. c. 64 (as some said, to aid the conspiracy), but soon crossed into Mauretania, and entered the service of the king of that land. When Caesar went to Africa, eighteen years later, Sittius joined his army, and at that time probably came under the notice of Sallust, who was also one of Caesar's officers. Sittius was of such assistance to Caesar that at the close of the war he was rewarded by a large grant of land in Numidia. This he apportioned among his soldiers, settling there himself. Shortly afterward he was assassinated.

4. C. Antonium: the worthless son of the famous lawyer M. Antonius, and uncle of the triumvir. He had been expelled from the

Senate in B.C. 70, for oppressing the provincials, but had managed to be reinstated. He was Cicero's colleague in both his praetorship and consulship. 6. cum eō, etc. that in conjunction with him, he as consul would commence operations.' 8. suōrum, etc.: 'praised his followers, mentioning each by name. 11. quibus, etc.: 'by which they had secured plunder' (literally?).

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§ 22. 17. inde . . . dēgustāvissent: 'they had tasted of it.' 18. consuēvit: used impersonally. 20. alius: in apposition to the subject of forent. alii: what case? 21. ficta: sc. esse; the fact that Cicero did not allude to this rumor is very good proof that there was no truth in it. 22. Ciceronis invidiam: i.e. Cicero's unpopularity after his consulship was lessened by imputing the most frightful crimes to the five conspirators whose execution he had urged; see § 55.

Disclosure of the conspiracy to Cicero through Curius and Fulvia. Section 23.

§ 23. 26. nātus, etc.: born of no mean station.' 28. senātū probrī grātiā mōverant: the censor's power of removing from the Senate any one who was leading a scandalous life was an admirable check upon that body at times, but was too often neglected, or used purely for party purposes. 29. reticĕre: used transitively. prōrsus, etc.: 'in a word, he

30.

suamet: see -met in Vocab. did not care a particle what he said or did.'

in short.'

Page 17. 1. inopiā: 'from want of means.' 3. postrēmō : 5. haud occultum habuit: 'did not keep hidden.' 6. sublātō auctōre: 'without giving the source of her information.' 7. quōquō modō: 'in every way.' 11. homo novos: one who

could not boast of an ancestor who had held a curule magistracy. 13. post fuēre: see post in Vocab.

Catiline's failure to be elected consul, in B.C. 64, only increases his activity. Many women of the type of Sempronia become interested in the conspiracy. Sections 24-25.

§ 24. 14. comitiis: the consuls were elected by the comitia centuriata. For this assembly, the citizens were divided into five classes, according to their property, each class being subdivided into seventy centuries. Besides these, there were eighteen centuries of

young noblemen, who had not as yet held public office, and five of artisans, musicians, etc., making 373 centuries in all. The consular elections were held in the Campus Martius. Along the sides of this great plain, enclosures called saepta were roped off for the different centuries to occupy. Each voter was provided with tickets containing the names of the candidates. When all was ready, a lot was cast to determine which century of the first class should vote first. Then the voters of the fortunate century filed through a narrow passageway called the pōns, and deposited their votes in a box. The vote of this century was announced at once, as it was supposed that the gods had guided the lot, and thus indicated their choice of the candidates. Then the rest of the centuries of the first class voted, followed by the other classes in order, an extra century for belated citizens being allowed to vote with each of the four lower classes. A majority of the 377 centuries decided the election.

16. conCatilinae

14. M. Tullius (Cicerō) et C. Antōnius: there were five other candidates, the most prominent besides Catiline being one of his fellow-conspirators, L. Cassius Longinus. Cicero was elected by a large majority, but Antonius had a narrow margin over Catiline. cusserat: for tense, see note on transtulerant, 13, 6. furor: Sallust does not mention the fact that, after the election, Catiline was prosecuted by L. Lucceius, the historian, on a charge of murder during Sulla's proscriptions. The trial resulted in an acquittal. 17. plura agitāre: 'set more schemes on foot.' 19. Manlium: one of Sulla's veterans; see note to 11, 20. 26. servitia = servōs.

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$25 29. genere: the Sempronian gens included such distinguished men as the Gracchi. 30. virō: her husband, D. Iunius Brutus, had been consul in B.C. 77. līberīs a son, D. Iunius Brutus Albinus, was one of Caesar's assassins. 31. litteris Graecis et Latīnīs after the Second Punic War, в.c. 218-201, the Romans began to show some appreciation of Greek culture, and regularly employed Greek grammarians both as private tutors and as teachers in the schools. Homer was their chief text-book. The teacher first read a selection to the pupils, and then had them commit it to memory. More than that, each pupil was required to pass an examination, not only on the grammar and prosody of the passage, but on all questions pertaining to astronomy, geography, history, mythology, etc., which might be suggested by the words. When the Romans developed a literature of their own, the same procedure was adopted with the

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