works of Livius Andronicus and Terence, and later with those of Cicero, Vergil, and Horace. Girls were given the same instruction as boys, although there was a decided preference for educating the girls at home. docta: used (1) with the ablative of specification, litteris, (2) with the infinitives psallere and saltāre as second object, (3) with the accusative multa alia as second object, tion of Sallust's variety of expression. Page 18. 3. lubīdō: what case? a good illustra 6. luxuria, etc.: 'because of her extravagance and lack of means she had plunged headlong to her ruin.' Catiline, again defeated in the consular election, B.C. 63, determines 12. spērāns, $ 26. 11. His rēbus: referring back to § 24. etc. hoping that, if he should be elected, he would find it easy to manage Antonius in accordance with his own purposes,' i.e. in the interval between the election and his inauguration, during which Antonius would still be consul. 15. illi: not nominative. 19. pactione provinciae: in casting lots for the two consular provinces, Cisalpine Gaul fell to Antonius, and Macedonia, a very rich province, to Cicero. But Cicero offered to exchange provinces, if Antonius would promise to have no dealings with the enemies of the state, —an offer which was quickly accepted, as the opportunity to enrich himself in Macedonia was of great consequence to the impoverished Antonius. Page 19. 1. diēs comitiōrum: on the day before the one set for the election in July, 63, the Senate voted to postpone the comitia in order to meet next day and discuss certain rumors concerning an CICERO. Page 18. 2. quod, etc.: 'for having excluded all those who had taken part in the conspiracy from his personal and political plans,'- -an astounding statement! Think of the Senate praising one of the chief magistrates of Rome for not joining a conspiracy against the government! 5. in campum sc. Martium. 6. descendi: 'descended,' because the campus Martius was on the lower level near the Tiber, to which one had to descend from the Capitoline, Quirinal, or Pincian hill. 9. boni: 'loyal citizens.' 10. id quod est factum: a parenthetical clause; with what clause is id in apposition? insurrectionary speech by Catiline. At this meeting, on the following day, Cicero demanded an explanation from Catiline, who, with his usual audacity, was present. He, however, openly defied the consul, and even went so far as to characterize the Senate as a feeble body with a weak head.' At this the Senate groaned, but contented itself with passing a mild resolution against him. The election took place soon afterward in July. 2. consulibus: Sallust does not mean that Catiline was plotting to kill Antonius as well as Cicero. But, as being the chief magistrates, both consuls were representative of the state. Hence the plural is used as a synonym for 'the government.' So also 19, 10. Preparations for the war throughout Italy; meeting at the house of Laeca. Section 27. 8. alium § 27. 6. Manlium: Manlius, Septimius, and Iulius had probably come to Rome to aid Catiline in his candidacy. Cicero says that Catiline had an army of colonists from Faesulae and Arretium attending him. Nothing further is known of Septimius and Iulius. alio: see Vocab. 9. quem ubique: 'wherever he believed each.' 12. cum tēlō esse: carrying concealed weapons was forbidden both by the Twelve Tables, B.C. 451, and by the Lex Cornelia, B.C. 81. 15. multa agitanti: 'notwithstanding his many schemes' (how literally ?). intempesta nocte: from Cicero's account there can be no doubt that this meeting at Laeca's house took place on the second night before Cicero delivered his first oration against Catiline, i.e. November 6th; cf. Cicero, 19, 4–6. Sallust therefore must be in error in putting it much earlier, even before the famous senātūs cōnsultum was passed on October 21st. 19. parāverat: another instance of the indicative in a subordinate clause in indirect discourse. Unsuccessful attempt to assassinate Cicero. Section 28. Page 20. § 28. 3. senator: and yet Cicero alludes to both men as equites; see Cicero, 20, 1. Vargunteius may have lost his seat CICERO. Page 19. 2. Gallicum: sc. agrum. 4. priōre nocte: 'night before last.' inter falcāriōs: a street getting its name from the workmen who lived in it. 5. in . . . domum: when may the preposition be used with domum? B. 182, 1, b, N.; A. 258, b, N.1; H. 419, 1, N.; G. 337, 3. 8. quo quemque: cf. quem ubique, 19, 9. 4. salūtātum: in the Senate on account of a trial for bribery. supine. Romans of rank were accustomed to hold a reception in the atrium during the first two hours of the day, when they received the morning greetings of their clients and friends. Many of their dependants would arrive at their houses even before sunrise. 5. domui: as domus has two stems, domui is the locative for the fourth declension, while the more common domi is the locative for the second. 8. iānua: in the houses of the wealthy, the ianua or outer door opened, not upon the street, but into the ōstium, a passageway which led to an open space before the house. It was in this open court or vestibulum that the clients waited until they were admitted. 11. dolōre, etc. because of resentment at their wrongs, they were eager for a revolution.'. 12. Sullae dominātiōne: as the people of Etruria for the most part had sympathized with Marius, Sulla punished them by confiscating their farms, and settling his veterans in colonies upon them. Measures adopted by the Senate to suppress the conspiracy. Sections 29-30. § 29. 17. ancipitī malō: i.e. both from within and without the city. 18. privātō cōnsiliō: up to this time Cicero had used his own private resources in getting information about the conspiracy. 19. neque, etc.: 'nor had he quite ascertained how large Manlius's army was or what its designs were.' 20. compertum habebat: 22. in atrōcī negōtiō: B. 337, 6; A. 292, c; H. 431, 3; G. 238. ' in a perilous emergency.' Page 21. 1. dēcrēvit: this decree was equivalent to a proclamation that the city was under martial law. See note to senātūs consultum in Cicero, 21, 1. darent: B. 295, 4 and 8; A. 331, ƒ, R.; 2. mōre Rōmānō: in early times a H. 565, 5; G. 546, 2, R.2. dictator was appointed to meet such an emergency. Resorting to the senātūs consultum probably did not go back of the time of the Gracchi. CICERO. Page 20. 3. lectulo: the diminutive is used to suggest the comforts and retirement of Cicero's home life, in order to intensify the atrocity of the attempt to assassinate him. Cf. 'in my old arm-chair.' 7. id temporis: B. 185, 201, 2; A. 216, a, 3, 240, b; H. 416, 2, 441; G. 336, N.2, 369. 10. rei publicae: dative following deest. 3. nāxuma: this is the greatest power entrusted by the Senate to a magistrate, authorizing him,' etc. 5. militiaeque : in reality the consul at all times possessed absolute authority in the army outside of the city, unless superseded by a dictator. iudicium: investing the consul with 'supreme judicial authority' suspended the ius prōvocātiōnis, i.e. the right of every citizen to appeal to the people against any sentence of capital or corporal punishment. 6. aliter, etc.: this sweeping assertion is inaccurate. For certainly the consul had the right to levy troops, as well as to coerce the allies, without the order of the people. The senātūs cōnsultum simply gave him the same authority in the city that he possessed abroad. nullīus: objective genitive with iūs. 11. ante diem, etc.: com § 30. 9. Faesulis: 'from Faesulae.' pute the date. B. 371; A. 376; H. 754; G. pp. 491–492. Kalendās: how governed? B. 371, 6; A. 259, e; H. 754, 1, 3; G. p. 491. Novembris: what part of speech? what case? 12. portenta atque prōdigia: it was said that there were earthquakes, that thunderbolts fell from a cloudless heaven, and that torches were seen blazing in the western sky after sunset. 13. Capuae: notwithstanding the terrible punishment meted out to Capua for opening its gates to Hannibal, B.C. 211, it was still a prosperous city, noted for its schools of gladiators and its great slave market. 14. Apūlia: a grazing country, where slaves were employed to watch the herds. Owners of large estates found this much more profitable than farming, as the latter could not be trusted to slaves, and therefore necessitated a large expenditure in hiring competent men. 15. senātī: an early form, after the analogy of the second declension, for senātūs. In the Catiline, Sallust uses senātī three times, and only before decrētum. Q. Mārcius Rēx: as proconsul of Cilicia, B.C. 67, he had been of very little assistance to Lucullus in the Mithridatic War. In 66, in accordance with the terms of the Manilian law, he was superseded by Pompey, at the time when the command of the army of Lucullus was transferred to Pompey. This, however, did not prevent Marcius from claiming a triumph on his return to Italy. Q. Metellus Crēticus had done excellent service in subduing Crete in 67, but his claim to a triumph was also disputed by Pompey's friends, on the ground that the Gabinian law had given Pompey authority over all lands in the Mediterranean, — which, of course, included Crete. Hence, the triumph belonged to Pompey rather than to Metellus. However, Metellus did obtain a triumph finally, in B.C. 62. 17. ad urbem: if a victorious general entered the walls of the city, he thereby forfeited his imperium, and with it all right to celebrate a triumph. To avoid this difficulty, the Senate usually met outside the city, in the temple of Apollo or Bellona, to decide whether the general was entitled to a triumph. The most important of the conditions to be fulfilled were: (1) the general must have held the office of dictator, consul, or praetor; (2) the war must have been waged against a foreign country, no triumph being granted in a civil war; (3) the dominion of Rome must have been extended; (4) the enemy must have been reduced to an actual state of peace, admitting of the withdrawal of the Roman soldiers that they might participate in the triumph at Rome. 17. triumphārent: the Senate led the procession, being followed by the trumpeters. Then came wagons and litters piled high with booty, while captive kings and princes marched along, some in sad submission, others in haughty disdain. Next was seen the victorious general, arrayed in an embroidered toga, proudly driving an ivory chariot drawn by four horses. Last of all came the valiant soldiers, whose efforts had contributed so much to the success of the expedition. The procession moved up the celebrated Via Sacra, through CICERO. Page 21. 1. senātūs cōnsultum (of October 21st): if a measure passed by the Senate was not vetoed, either by the magistrate who convoked the Senate or by some other magistrate who was his equal or superior, it was assumed that it would pass in the popular assemblies, and was then called senātūs consultum, i.e. 'an ordinance of the senate.' But if it was vetoed, it was merely auctoritas senātūs, i.e. 'the deliberate utterance of the Senate.' It was not absolutely binding in either case. But so great was the influence of the Senate, that its advice was very rarely disregarded by either magistrates or people. 2. in tabulis: bronze or marble tablets on which the laws were inscribed. After being displayed in public for seventeen days, they were stored away in the treasury (aerārium). 3. interfectum esse: a few verbs of wishing and necessity are sometimes followed by the perfect passive infinitive, instead of the usual present, especially in early Latin. 6. dicere: the present infinitive regularly follows memini, when the latter refers to a personal experience. 10. hominem: contemptuous, 'the fellow.' |