the Forum, to the Temple of Jupiter, where the general and his army paid their vows to the gods, under whose auspices the victory had been won. 18. calumniā paucōrum: as though a few unprincipled men were accustomed to block action by the Senate until they had received bribes for changing their opinion. In this case, however, the obstructionists were Pompey's friends. 19. Q. Pompēius Rufus afterward became governor of Africa (B.c. 61). Nothing more is known of him. 20. Q. Metellus Celer interests us as being the friend to whom Cicero gave the proconsulship of his province, Gallia Citerior, in в.c. 62. 22. indicāvisset: indirect discourse for the direct indicaverit, as quoting the words of the decree. Page 22. 1. praemium: estimate the value of the reward in our own currency; see sestertius and sestertium in Vocab. 2. sēstertia centum: the distributive — rather than the ordinal - is the rule with sestertium. 4. gladiātōriae familiae: any number of gladiators under the care of a trainer (lanista) constituted 'a gladiatorial family.' Capuam: note the omission of the preposition with the name of a town, and compare in . . . municipia; find other examples in this section of the use and omission of the preposition in relations of place. 6. vigiliae: not the 7000 men regularly constituting the fire and police department, but special watchmen, detailed for this particular occasion. minōrēs magistrātūs: including the plebeian aedile, and quaestors, and especially three police superintendents known as the trēsvirī nocturnī or capitālēs. CICERO. Page 22. 1. Palātī: an isolated hill, the strongest position in Rome commanding the Forum, and therefore a natural point of attack for the conspirators. Moreover, it had become the fashionable quarter of the city, and contained many fine residences belonging to the wealthy and noble. Hence it needed an especially strong garrison both night and day. Cicero's house, as well as Catiline's, was on this hill. In the time of the emperors, it was the site of many of their palaces, and this fact gave rise to our own word palace. nihil: such repetition of a word for rhetorical effect is called anaphora. 3. mūnītissimus habendi senātūs locus: on the brow of the Palatine hill, 141 feet above the Tiber, was the splendid Temple of Jupiter Stator, in which—as being safer than the Curia in the Forum-Cicero assembled the Senate on November 8, 63. He also took the precaution of surrounding the temple with a guard of knights. hōrum: Anxiety in Rome; scene in the Senate when Catiline attempts to reply to Cicero's oration against him. Section 31. § 31. 9. ex: 'after.' diuturna quiēs: fifteen years had elapsed since the last civil struggle had been fought in the streets of Rome between the consuls, Lepidus and Catulus (B.c. 78). 10. omnis: why long I? 14. quibus, etc. to whom, by reason of the vastness of the empire, the fear of war had come, as something unusual.' 19. eadem, etc. persisted in the same plans.' 20. Plautia: see Vocab. interrogātus erat: see note to 12, 27; the trial never took place. Catiline, however, with an air of injured innocence, offered to put himself under the surveillance of any responsible citizen. He even had the audacity to beg Cicero to watch him, -at his home, - a dangerous task, which the consul promptly declined. 21. L. Paulo: see Vocab. Page 23. 3. ōrātiōnem: the first oration against Catiline, November 8, 63 B.C. 4. quam posteā scriptam ēdidit: Cicero published this, as well as the rest of his consular speeches, in B.c. 60. Hence it was unnecessary for Sallust to reproduce it here. 7. temere: not from timeō. 8. ea familia, etc.: i.e. his family connections and his public career were such as to warrant the hope that he would receive every state honor. 9. nē exīstumārent, etc. : '(he begged them) not to imagine that he, a patrician, who had conferred many favors - on his own part and through his ancestors upon the Roman people, wanted to ruin the state, when M. Tullius, an immigrant citizen of the city of Rome, was for saving it.' i.e..the senators. ōra voltüsque: 'the expression on the faces'; what rhetorical figure is given here ? B. 374, 4; A. 385 1; H. 751, 3, N.; G. 698. 6. in aedem Iovis Statōris: a temple vowed by Romulus to Jupiter, for staying the flight of the Romans in their battle with the Sabines. 7. ad patres cōnscriptōs: the origin of this expression is still uncertain. Some would interpose et, believing that patres was the title of the patrician members of the Senate during the monarchy, and that some time after the establishment of the Republic a number of plebeians were enrolled, and hence addressed as conscripti. Others think that there was no such distinction, and that the phrase means simply enrolled senators.' 11. subselliōrum: wooden benches without backs; the cōnsulārēs (members of consular rank), alluded to by Cicero as principēs ēius ordinis, occupied seats near the praetorii, the class to which Catiline belonged. 11. perditā: B. 337, 5; A. 292, a ; H. 636, 4; G. 664, 2. 12. inquilīnus cīvis: a sneer at Cicero, whose family did not move from Arpinum to Rome until he was about eight years old. As a matter of fact, however, Arpinum had received full rights of Roman citizenship as early as B.C. 188. This is the only passage where inquilīnus — usually a noun - is treated as an adjective. 16. incendium, etc. : 'I will quench the fire (in which they hope to envelop me) in the ruins of the city.' Cicero declares that this remark was made by Catiline to Cato before the election, when Cato threatened to prosecute him; see prō Mūrēnā, XXV, 51. Catiline sets out for the camp of Manlius. Section 32. § 32. 18. curia: not the senate house (Curia Hostilia), but, in a wider sense, the Senate.' 19. cōnsuli: dative dependent on the verbal noun insidiae. 6. manconfirment, Page 24. 3. legiōnēs scriberentur: see 21, 19–22. dat followed by three object clauses, (1) opēs (2) īnsidiās... mātūrent, (3) caedem ... parent, without ut. Observe that the historical present, mandat, has both the secondary (possent) and primary (confirment) sequence. With the secondary tense,.the historical present is felt according to the sense, which is past; with the primary according to the time, which is present. Letters written by Manlius and Catiline to arouse sympathy for their cause. Sections 33-35. § 33. 11. ex suō numerō = ex suōrum numerō. 14. nōs, etc. construe, nōs arma cepisse, neque contrā patriam, neque quò, etc. 16. qui: in what word is the antecedent of qui contained ? 17. faenerātōrum: the legal rate of interest was 1 per cent, payable monthly, or more than 12 per cent a year; but that did not prevent CICERO. Page 23. 1. Hic: 'At this point.' 6. ei: B. 189, 2; A. 232, a; H. 431, 2; G. 354. 8. pararet: by what tense should this be rendered, and why? B. 260, 4; A. 277, b; H. 535, 1; G. 234. secūrēs. . . fasces: symbols of the consul's imperium, which Catiline proposed to assume at once. 9. aquilam illam argenteam: a standard which had been carried in the army of Marius in his campaign against the Cimbri, and which was therefore regarded with great veneration. patriae expertēs : usurers from obtaining higher rates. men who were forced to leave their country for fear they might be held for debt. Note that Sallust uses both the genitive (patriae) and the ablative (fāmā atque fortūnīs) with expertēs; the ablative is archaic. 19. mōre maiōrum lēge ūtī: the earliest laws of debt at Rome were very severe. When the claim of the creditor had been confirmed by a trial before the praetor, the debtor might be confined in a dungeon for sixty days, and then, if the debt was not paid, he might be put to death or sold as a slave. The Lex Poetelia Papiria (B.c. 326) abolished all power over the person of the debtor. It is evident from the text, however, that the law was not being enforced, and that the debtor might forfeit not only his property, but his personal freedom. 21. praetōris: the enforcement of the law of debt was largely left to the discretion of the praetor urbānus, before whom such cases were tried. But it was not altogether safe to be kindly disposed to the debtors, as may be inferred from an instance in B.C. 89, in which Asellio, a praetor, was actually murdered by some usurers for yielding to the claims of certain debtors. vostrum: the use of this form of the genitive plural of the pronoun as a possessive belongs to early Latin. In classical writing it is usually partitive. (In the few instances where it denotes possession it is regularly accompanied by omnium.) 24. argentum aere solūtum est: in the payment of debts the Lex Valeria (B. C. 86) required that an as, a copper coin worth about one cent, should be taken for a sesterce, a silver coin worth about four cents, just as with us a bankrupt pays 25 cents on a dollar. 25. Saepe plēbēs... sēcessit: there were three secessions of the plebs: (1) in B.C. 494 the people withdrew to the Sacred Mount on account of debt, and compelled the patricians to grant them tribunes; (2) in B.C. 449 they seceded again to the Sacred Mount, on account of the outrageous conduct of Appius Claudius and his colleagues, whom they forced to resign from the Second Decemvirate ; (3) in B.C. 286 they withdrew to the Janiculum on account of debt, and secured the passage of the Hortensian law, providing that all resolutions passed by the plebs (plēbiscīta) should be valid for the whole people. 29. nēmō bonus: no honorable man.' Page 25. 1. cōnsulātis: object clause without ut, dependent on obtestāmur. 3. nēve, etc. and not lay upon us the necessity of seeking how we may best avenge our blood and then perish.' § 34. 7. discēdant = discedite in direct discourse. When the tense of the verb of saying is secondary, the change from a secondary tense in the dependent subjunctive to the primary (cf. vellent . discedant) is not uncommon in commands. The secondary tense, being the more regular in point of sequence, carries the reader's mind back to the verb of saying, and thereby emphasizes the fact that the words are indirectly reported; whereas the primary tense is more suggestive of the tense and exact words used by the speaker. 'such.' 10. petīverit: B. 268, 6; A. 287, c; H. 550; G. 513. 11. consulāribus: the ex-consuls would naturally be men of influence. 12. optumō cuique: 'to all the optimātēs.' litterās: a letter." sē: subject of cedere. 8. eã: criminibus: not crimes.' 14. Massiliam: a wealthy city, the centre of Roman civilization in Gaul. Its citizens were unusually refined and had long cultivated a taste for literature and philosophy. Hence it was a favorite resort of exiles from Rome. Later, under the empire, its reputation for learning so increased that many young Romans were sent there, in preference to Greece, Rhodes, or Asia Minor, to complete their education. nön quō: B. 286, 1, b; A. 321, R.; H. 588, 2; G. 541, N.2. 16. ex sua contentiōne: 'from a struggle on his part.' 17. Q. Catulus: son of Marius's colleague in the war with the Cimbri; he had been consul in B.C. 78. When Lepidus, the other consul, attempted to revoke the laws of Sulla, Catulus resolutely opposed him, and finally met and defeated him in battle near the Campus Martius. Catulus was always a consistent aristocrat, but by reason of his integrity and fairness he was equally trusted by the plebs. 18. nōmine Catilinae: 'by order of Catiline.' redditās : 'delivered'; in Sallust's time there was no regular government postal service. Private letters were carried by the sender's couriers, — for the most part slaves, called tabellarii, who could travel about 25 miles a day on foot. Brief letters were written on tabellae, — wooden or ivory tablets covered with wax on one side and having a rim like CICERO. Page 25. 1. ēiciēbam: what use of the imperfect? B. 260, 3; A. 277, c; H. 530; G. 233. quem: 'a man whom,' referring to Catiline. 2. crēdō: what does this word often mean when thus used parenthetically? iste force of ? 7. condicionem: 'task.' 8. cōnsiliis, labōribus, periculis meis: 'by my counsels, at the cost of toil and danger to myself.' |