Backgrounds of Early ChristianityWm. B. Eerdmans Publishing, 2003 - 648 pagine Having long served as a standard introduction to the world of the early church, Everett Ferguson's Backgrounds of Early Christianity has been expanded and updated in this third edition. The book explores and unpacks the Roman, Greek, and Jewish political, social, religious, and philosophical backgrounds necessary for a good historical understanding of the New Testament and the early church. New to this edition are revisions of Ferguson's original material, updated bibliographies, and fresh discussions of first-century social life, of Gnosticism, and of the Dead Sea Scrolls and other Jewish literature. |
Sommario
PERSPECTIVES ON PARALLELS | 1 |
POLITICAL HISTORY | 5 |
NEAR EAST BEFORE ALEXANDER | 6 |
Greece | 7 |
ALEXANDER THE GREAT | 10 |
Life of Alexander III 356323 | 12 |
Alexanders Influence | 13 |
THE HELLENISTIC KINGDOMS | 15 |
Gnosticism in the New Testament | 312 |
The Hermetica | 313 |
Chaldaean Oracles | 315 |
MONOTHEISM AND SUN WORSHIP | 316 |
319 | |
INTRODUCTION | 320 |
Philosophy as Ethics | 321 |
Popular Philosophy | 323 |
Ptolemies Egypt | 16 |
Seleucids Syria | 18 |
ROME | 20 |
Rome and the West | 22 |
Rome and the East | 23 |
Civil Wars | 24 |
Augustus 31 BCAD 14 | 26 |
The Early Empire | 31 |
The Later Empire | 40 |
Provinces | 43 |
Client Kingdoms | 45 |
POLITICAL CONNECTIONS OF THE NEW TESTAMENT | 46 |
48 | |
INTRODUCTION | 49 |
Emblems Weapons and Dress | 51 |
Auxiliaries | 54 |
Other Units | 55 |
The Senatorial Order | 56 |
The Equestrian Order | 57 |
Plebeians and Other Free Persons | 58 |
SLAVERY | 59 |
ROMAN CITIZENSHIP | 62 |
ROMAN LAW | 63 |
SOCIAL RELATIONSHIPS | 66 |
PatronClient Relationship | 67 |
Social Networks | 68 |
Honor and Shame | 69 |
Marriage and Family | 72 |
Place of Women | 77 |
Children | 80 |
ECONOMIC LIFE | 82 |
Trade and Travel | 86 |
Coinage | 90 |
Taxation | 95 |
CLOTHING AND APPEARANCE | 96 |
ENTERTAINMENT | 97 |
Athletics | 100 |
Arenas | 102 |
Circuses | 103 |
Gymnasia and Baths | 104 |
Banquets | 106 |
Music | 107 |
EDUCATION | 109 |
LITERATURE AND LANGUAGE | 113 |
Rhetoric | 119 |
Literary Forms and Genres | 120 |
Making of Books | 128 |
Reading and Studying of Books | 132 |
Inscriptions and Papyri | 133 |
Language | 135 |
ART AND ARCHITECTURE | 137 |
CLUBS AND ASSOCIATIONS | 142 |
Roman Colleges | 143 |
Egyptian Associations | 145 |
Conclusion | 147 |
HELLENISTICROMAN RELIGIONS | 148 |
ANCIENT GREEK RELIGION | 149 |
Homer | 150 |
Hesiod | 157 |
The Archaic Period | 160 |
Signs of Dissolution in the Classical Age | 164 |
ANCIENT ROMAN RELIGION | 165 |
Deities | 167 |
Religious Observances | 169 |
Soul and the Dead | 171 |
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS | 173 |
DOMESTIC AND RURAL RELIGION | 177 |
Greek | 178 |
Roman | 180 |
CIVIC CULTS | 182 |
Priesthood | 184 |
Ritual Prescriptions | 186 |
Sacrifice | 188 |
Votive Offerings | 192 |
Prayers and Hymns | 193 |
Festivals | 195 |
Other Features | 197 |
Ephesus and Artemis | 198 |
RULER CULT | 199 |
Antecedents and Presuppositions | 200 |
Historical Developments | 204 |
Forms of the Imperial Cult | 211 |
PERSONAL RELIGION | 213 |
Dreams and Divination | 220 |
Healing Cults | 221 |
Magic and Maledictions | 227 |
Imprecations and Oaths | 235 |
Demons and Superstition | 236 |
Astrology Astral Religion and Fate | 238 |
Death and the Afterlife | 243 |
GREEK MYSTERIES AND EASTERN RELIGIONS | 251 |
Local Mysteries | 253 |
Eleusinian Mysteries | 254 |
Dionysiac Mysteries | 259 |
Isis Osiris and Sarapis | 266 |
Astarte and Adonis | 277 |
Atargatis and Others | 278 |
Cybele and Attis | 281 |
Mithras | 287 |
Mystery Religions and Christianity | 297 |
GNOSTICISM HERMETIC LITERATURE CHALDAEAN ORACLES | 300 |
Sources for Study | 301 |
Origins of Gnosticism | 307 |
Characteristic Features | 309 |
Philosophy and Individualism | 325 |
SOPHISTS AND SOCRATES | 326 |
Socrates 469399 BC | 327 |
PLATO AND THE ACADEMY TO THE FIRST CENTURY | 330 |
The Dialogues | 332 |
Platos Thought | 333 |
Platos Influence | 335 |
The Old Academy | 336 |
The Eclectic Academy | 337 |
ARISTOTLE AND THE PERIPATETICS | 338 |
Aristotles Thought | 339 |
Aristotles Influence | 342 |
Strato | 343 |
Later History and General Character | 344 |
SKEPTICISM | 346 |
Aenesidemus | 347 |
CYNICISM | 348 |
Cynic Characteristics | 349 |
Dio of Prusa AD 40 to after 112 | 352 |
STOICISM | 354 |
Stoic Physics | 356 |
Stoic Logic and Epistemology | 358 |
Stoic Ethics | 359 |
Middle Stoa | 360 |
Roman Stoicism | 363 |
Stoicism and Christianity | 368 |
EPICUREANISM | 370 |
Lucretius 9455 BC | 372 |
Epicurean Epistemology | 374 |
Epicurean Ethics | 375 |
Estimate and Comparisons | 377 |
ECLECTICISM | 379 |
Cicero 10643 BC | 380 |
NEOPYTHAGOREANISM | 382 |
The Pythagorean Revival | 383 |
Apollonius of Tyana and Philostratus | 384 |
Numenius | 386 |
MIDDLE PLATONISM | 387 |
Plutarch C AD 50after 120 | 389 |
PLOTINUS AND NEOPLATONISM | 391 |
Later Neoplatonists | 393 |
396 | |
JEWISH HISTORY 538 BC TO AD 200 | 399 |
The Greek Period 332167 BC | 403 |
The Maccabean or Hasmonean Period 16763 BC | 407 |
The Roman Period from 63 BC | 411 |
JEWS IN THE EARLY ROMAN EMPIRE | 427 |
JEWISH LITERATURE AND OTHER SOURCES IN THE HELLENISTIC AND ROMAN PERIODS | 431 |
The Old Testament in Greek | 432 |
Fragments | 439 |
Apocrypha | 440 |
Pseudepigrapha | 448 |
Dead Sea Scrolls | 463 |
Apocalyptic Writings | 475 |
Philo | 478 |
Josephus | 485 |
Rabbinic Literature | 490 |
Jewish Mysticism | 501 |
503 | |
Pagan References to Jews | 512 |
PARTIES AND SECTS | 513 |
Pharisees | 514 |
Sadducees | 519 |
Qumran Community Essenes and Therapeutae | 521 |
Zealots | 532 |
533 | |
Samaritans | 534 |
BELIEFS AND PRACTICES | 537 |
One God | 538 |
Torah Tradition and Scripture | 539 |
Proselytes and Godfearers | 546 |
Messianism and the Glorious Destiny | 551 |
Afterlife | 554 |
555 | |
Daily Devotions308 | 561 |
ORGANIZATION AND INSTITUTIONS | 562 |
Sanhedrin | 567 |
Community Organization | 570 |
Rabbis | 572 |
Synagogue | 573 |
583 | |
LITERARY REFERENCES TO CHRISTIANITY IN NONCHRISTIAN SOURCES | 584 |
585 | |
Papyri | 587 |
Coins | 588 |
SOME CLAIMED ARCHAEOLOGICAL REMAINS OF EARLY CHRISTIANITY | 589 |
The Cross at Herculaneum | 590 |
Ossuaries | 591 |
592 | |
THE LEGAL STATUS OF CHRISTIANITY | 601 |
HINDRANCES TO THE ACCEPTANCE OF CHRISTIANITY | 608 |
RELIGIOUS RIVALS | 609 |
610 | |
612 | |
613 | |
616 | |
Hellenistic Judaism | 617 |
Religious Quest | 618 |
WHAT WAS UNIQUE IN CHRISTIANITY? | 619 |
621 | |
643 | |
Map of the Ancient World | |
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A. D. Nock Acts Alexander Alexandria ancient world ANRW Antiquity Apocalypse Asclepius Athens Augustus became Berlin biblical BIBLIOGRAPHY Book Cambridge century B.C. church Commentary cult culture Cynic Dead Sea Scrolls deity Dionysus divine Early Christianity Egypt Egyptian emperor empire Epicurus Essenes ethical festivals Gnosticism goddess gods Gospel Grand Rapids Greco-Roman Greece Greek Hasmonean Hebrew Hellenism Hellenistic age History honor ideas important initiation inscriptions interpretation Isis Jerusalem Jesus Jewish Jews Josephus Judaism king later Latin Leiden literary literature London Maccabees magic Mishnah Mithraism Mithras moral mysteries Old Testament Oracles original Oxford pagan Palestine papyri Paul period person Pharisees Philo philosophical Plato Plutarch practice prayer priest Principat Ptolemy Qumran rabbinic religion religious ritual Roman Rome ruler sacred sacrifice Sadducees Sanhedrin Scripture second century Septuagint slaves social Socrates soul Stoic Stoicism Studies synagogue Talmud Targum temple tion Torah traditional translation vols worship York Zeus