Ecological Genetics

adapted adjusted alleles banding Batesian betularia birds Brower carbonaria cenea cent Cepaea nemoralis changes Chapter Chillaton chromosome Clarke and Sheppard cline colony colour colour-pattern controlled Cothill detected distinct Dobzhansky dominant Dowdeswell Drosophila East Cornish ecological genetics effects England environment evidence evolution fact favoured females Ford fore-wings frequency gene-complex genotypes habitat heterostyly heterozygotes heterozygous advantage hind-wings homostyles homozygotes hybrids industrial melanism insects instance inversions islands Isles of Scilly isolated Kettlewell laboratory larvae latter Lepidoptera localities loci major gene males Maniola jurtina medionigra miles mimetic mimicry mimics models monomorphic Moreover morphism moth mutation non-mimetic normal obtained occurs pale Panaxia dominula Papilio dardanus phases phenotypes plants Plate poly polygenic polymorphism predators produce races random rare recessive relatively Rothschild samples seems selection selection-pressures similar situation snails Southern English species specimens spot-distributions spotting spread studied super-gene thrum tion variability variation viability wild populations yellow