CHAPTER 59

A picture of the two opposing forces

1343. aspera: supply loca and construe with inter.

1352. permittit, etc.: this series of hist. presents effectively indicates rapidity of action.

1357. inermōs: except in the nom., Sallust prefers the 2d declension forms of this word.

CHAPTER 60

Catiline's obstinate fight and worthy death

...

1369. vorsārī . . . exsequēbātur : here vividness is sought by the series of hist. infins., and the change to the impf. in closing, a favorite trick of Sallust's.

1378. fūsās relictum are these partics. or must esse be supplied? § 175 or § 167?

CHAPTER 61

Reflections upon the fight

1381. tum vērō : very emphatic repetition of cōnfectō proeliō.

1383. vivos, etc.: note the antitheses in this sentence: vīvos and āmissā anima, pugnando and corpore, ceperat and tegēbat. locum: though incorporated in the relative clause, it is far removed from the relative. §9. 1385. paulō dīvorsius: to be taken with conciderant.

1391. ita . . . pepercerant: an excellent illustration of how Sallust tries to say things oddly and differently from other people; the meaning is : All had spared their own lives no more than the lives of the enemy. It is also a characteristic summary. V 2 (5) f. Cf. ita agitābantur below, 1. 1398. This last sentence also has Sallust's favorite form of asyndeton, closing with atque (§ 186, and V 4 (1)), and at the very end a frequentative verb, V 2 (2). It may be that this grouping of peculiarities was accidental.

SYNTACTICAL APPENDIX

AGREEMENT

1. Substantives of multitude often take the predicate in the plural. Sometimes also such words as quisque, uterque, nẽmỗ, etc., on the principle of partitive apposition; e.g., They did it each one.

R. I, exc. a; H. 389; A. 317. d, e, and N.; B. 254. 4. a.

*G. 211,

2. Two abstracts in combination, when conceived as a unit, take a singular verb. G. 285, exc. 2; H. 392. 4; A. 317. b. N.; B. 255. 3.

3. The singular is used with two or more subjects which are conceived as acting independently. G. 285, exc. 3 and NN.; H. 392. I; A. 317. c.

4. A singular subject combined with another word by cum, with, is treated properly as a singular. Sallust, Livy, and later writers often treat it as a plural. G. 285, N. 2; H. 389. 4; A. 317, N.

5. When the subjects are feminine abstracts, the predicate adjective may be neuter plural. G. 286. 3; H. 395. 2 and N.; A. 287. 4. a; B. 235. B. 2. a.

6. Demonstrative pronouns are often attracted into the gender of the predicate. G. 211, R. 5; H. 396. 2; A. 296. 2. a.

7. The gender and number of the relative pronoun may be determined by the sense, and not by the form; by the predicate or the apposition, and not by the antecedent.

When the relative refers to combined antecedents of different genders, the strongest gender is preferred, or the nearest; generally the masculine if the antecedents denote persons, otherwise the neuter. G. 614, R. 3 and R. 5; H. 396, 396. 2, 398. I; A. 305, 306 and N.; B. 250. 8. When the relative refers to a sentence, id quod, that which, is commonly used, or quae rēs, or simple quod. G. 614, R. 2; H. 399. 6; A. 307. d and N.; B. 247. 1. b.

H.

=

* G. Gildersleeve-Lodge; G.(S.) = Gildersleeve-Lodge, School Edition; Harkness; A. = Allen and Greenough; B.

=

Bennett.

9. The antecedent substantive, the appositional substantive, and adjectives, especially superlatives, are often incorporated in the relative clause. G. 616; H. 399 and 3; A. 307. a and b; B. 251. 4.

10. Superlatives which denote order and sequence in time and space are often used partitively, and then generally precede their substantives. Such are summus, prīmus, etc. Similarly medius, reliquus, cēterus. G. 291, R. 2; H. 497. 4; A. 293; B. 241. I.

where the English idiom

11. The Latin often uses an adjective employs an adverb or an adverbial phrase. G. 325, R. 6; H. 497; A. 290; B. 239.

THE SYNTAX OF NOUNS

The Accusative Case

12. The direct object of a transitive verb is put in the accusative G. 330, 331; H. 404; A. 387; B. 172-174.

case.

13. Neuter pronouns and adjectives are often used to define or modify the substantive notion that lies in the verb. G. 333. 1; H. 409. I; A. 390. c; B. 176. 2.

14. Even intransitive verbs admit the accusative of an object of kindred origin, usually with an attribute. G. 333. 2; H. 409; A. 390; B. 176. 4.

15. Sometimes the cognate accusative is not of kindred etymology, but merely of kindred meaning. This usage, however, is rare and mainly poetical. G. 333, N. 2; cf. H. 409 and 2; cf. A. 390. a, b, d; B. 176. 4. a.

16. The accusative of extent in degree is confined to neuter adjectives and pronouns used substantivally, multum, plūs, tantum, quantum, In many instances this is felt more as an adverb than as Other grammarians so classify.

etc.
G. 334.
a substantive.

17. The accusative, with or without per, is used to express extent in both place and time. G. 335, 336; H. 417; A. 423. 2, 425; B. 181.

18. The accusative following post or ante may be used to express the measure of time before or after, e.g. Post ducentos annōs Ducentis annis post. G. 403, N. 4. a, b, f; G. (S) 403 and R.; H. 417. 3; A. 424. f. 19. Direction toward is expressed by the accusative with a preposition, ad or in, except with towns and small islands, rūs, to the country, domum, domōs, home, where the accusative alone is used. If the name

of the town is accompanied by an appositive urbem or oppidum, the appositive takes the preposition. The name of the town is often accompanied by the name of the country or some other word with a preposition. Ad with the accusative, even of towns, expresses proximity or vicinity. This rule is not limited to verbs of motion, but includes verbs of action, a very large class. G. 337 and RR.; H. 418, 419; A. 426. 2, 427. 2; B. 182. 1, 2, etc.

The rules already given illustrate the inner object. The following rules illustrate the outer object, or both combined.

20. The accusative of respect, or so-called Greek accusative, as illustrated by the following: Percussa novā mentem formidine, is rare in early Latin: it was introduced into prose by Sallust and extended. The indefinite form, as seen in cētera, alia, reliqua, etc., is found occasionally at all periods. G. 338. 1, 2 and N. 1; H. 416; A. 390. N., 397. b; B. 175. 2. d, 176. 2. b and 3.

21. Verbs signifying to ask, demand, teach, conceal, etc., take two accusatives, one of the person, one of the thing. In the passive the accusative of the person becomes the subject and the accusative of the thing remains, except with cēlārī, when the order is generally reversed. Many of the verbs take also dē with the ablative, some ab with the ablative, and quaerō takes ex, ab, or dē. G. 339 and RR. and NN.; H. 411; A. 396; B. 178.

Verbs of asking, denoting, etc., doceō, iubeō, vetō, sinō, take the infinitive or a clause as a second accusative. G. 423, N. 6; H. 411. 3; B. 331. 6.

22. Verbs of naming, making, taking, choosing, showing, etc., may have two accusatives of the same person or thing.

Habeō, meaning to regard, takes, instead of the predicate accusative, the dative, or the ablative with in or prō, or the genitive with locō, numerō, or in numerō. In the passive both accusatives become nominative.

The end with verbs of taking and choosing is indicated by the dative, or by ad with the accusative. G. 340 and RR.; H. 410 and 2 and 3; A. 393 and N.; B. 177 and 2.

23. The accusative with or without an interjection, heu, ō, or prō, is used in exclamations as the general object of thought, perception, or emotion. G. 343. I and NN.; H. 421; A. 397. d; B. 183.

24. The accusative of the personal pronouns, nōs, vōs, sẽ, with inter

is used to express reciprocal relations. G. 221; H. 502, 1; A. 145. c, 301. f; B.

245.

25. The accusative with ante, praeter, and suprā is often found as a substitute for quam or the ablative in comparison. G. 296, N. 3; H. 471. 5; A. 407. e. N.

26. The accusative with in, ergā, adversus is used to express the object towards which with adjectives of friendliness or hostility, with ad to express the object for which with adjectives of fitness and use. G. 359, RR. 2 and 3; H. 435. 1; A. 385. a and b; B. 192. 2, N.

27. The accusative, instead of the dative, is used with some adjectives and adverbs of nearness in time or place, prope, propius, proximē, propior, proximus, prīdiē, postrīdiē. G. 359, N. 1; H. 435. 2; cf. 420. 5; A. 432. a and N.; B. 141. 3.

28. The accusative with per sometimes denotes manner. N. I; H. 474. I, N.; A. 221. 16. d.

G. 399,

29. The person through whom, or the person used as an instrument, is put in the accusative with per. G. 401 and R.; cf. 416. 18; H. 468. 3; cf. 509. 2; A. 405. b; cf. 221. 16. c.

30. The accusative with per is used in adjurations, but per is usually separated from its case. G. 413, N. 2; H. 676. 2.

Dative Case

31. The indirect object is put in the dative with transitive verbs, which already have a direct object in the accusative. G. 345; H. 424; A. 362; B. 187. I.

32. Some transitive verbs of taking away compounded with dē and ex (rarely with ab) take the dative, which is really an indirect object, the dative of the loser. G. 347, R. 5; H. 428. 2; cf. 427; A. 381 and N.; B. 188. 2. d.

33. The indirect object is put in the dative with many intransitive verbs of advantage or disadvantage, yielding or resisting, etc. G. 346; H. 426; A. 367, 368; B. 187. II. a.

34. Many verbs compounded with the prepositions ad, ante, con, in, inter, ob (post), prae, sub, super, take the dative of the indirect object. Such compounds, if transitive, have an accusative case besides. G. 347; H. 429; A. 370; B. 187. III.

35. The dative of the possessor is used with the verb sum.