(10) Irregular agreement is quite prevalent: iuventus discēbat... habebant, c. 7, 1. 132; see note; eas and eam, c. 7, l. 140, agree with their predicates; ius bonumque . . . valēbat, c. 9, l. 161; glōria, imperium, potentia sequēbātur, c. 12, 1. 217; cf. c. 14, several examples; ni virtus fidesque vostra spectata mihi forent, c. 20, 1. 363.

que, c. 9, 1. 166.

(11) The use of que (12) Quō without a comparative in final clauses, c. II, 1. 206; c. 14, l. 250; c. 33, l. 609; etc.

(13) Quippe qui with the indic., c. 13, l. 234; see note; c. 48, 1. 889; cf. utpote qui with the subj., c. 57, l. 1286. (14) The frequent use of the historical present, convocat, c. 17, 1. 303; and very often.

(15) Cēterum as an adversative particle, c. 17, 1. 313; c. 51, l. 1036.

(16) Cum . . . emunt . . . vexant, c. 20, l. 395, concessive cum as used in Plautus and Terence. Sallust shows a decided preference for the indic. everywhere.

(17) Litteris... docta, psallere . . . multa alia, c. 25, l. 477, where docta is used with the abl., the infin., and the acc., a remarkable instance of striving for variety.

4. Rhetorical effects, not peculiar to Sallust, but abounding in his works:

(1) Asyndeton, bella intestina, caedēs, rapinae, discordia civilis... inediae, algōris, vigiliae, etc., c. 5, ll. 79, 81, 83; cf. c. 14, l. 248; c. 20, 1. 396; c. 25, l. 483, and often, even an adversative is omitted, as with Caepārius, c. 46, 1. 853. The effect is rapidity of movement.

(2) Antithesis, both in the same order (anaphora) and in reverse order (chiasmus), aliēnī appetēns, sui profūsus and satis eloquentiae, sapientiae parum, c. 5, ll. 83, 84; cf. c. 9, 1. 166; see note on quod in bello, c. 9, 1. 168; etc.

(3) Litotes, haud absurdum, c. 3, 1. 44, the same combination often; haud difficulter, c. 14, l. 259; etc.

(4) One remarkable case of tmesis, cuius rei lubet, for cuiuslubet rei, c. 5, l. 82.

(5) Alliteration, combined with anaphora, satis prospera, satisque pollēns, c. 6, l. 108, extended to etymologica figura, facinus faceret, c. 7, l. 140, and often.

(6) Zeugma, c. 51, l. 982, irae . . . fāmae . . . cōnsulātis.

VI. A SUMMARY OF SALLUST'S STYLE

The general effect of these peculiarities is pleasing.

1. The variety caused by his archaisms, his colloquialisms, his change of construction, his unusual syntax, makes the favorable impression for which he was constantly striving.

2. A delightful rapidity of movement results from his brevity, which is produced by asyndeton, and a constant avoidance of long or involved sentences.

3. This variety and this rapidity of movement impart a remarkable freshness, which is strongly reënforced by rhetorical effects, especially by antithesis, both anaphoric and chiastic, and, to a less extent, by litotes and alliteration.

C. SALLUSTI CRISPI

BELLUM CATILINAE

1. Omnis hominēs, qui sēsē student praestare cēterīs animālibus, summā ope nītī decet, nē vītam silentiō transeant veluti pecora, quae nātūra prōna atque ventri oboedientia finxit. Sed nostra omnis vīs in animo et corpore sita est; animi imperiō, corporis servitiō magis ūtimur; alterum nōbīs 5 cum dīs, alterum cum bēluis commune est. Quō mihi rectius vidētur ingeni quam virium opibus gloriam quaerere, et, quoniam vita ipsa qua fruimur brevis est, memoriam nostri quam maxumē longam efficere. Nam divitiarum et fōrmae glōria fluxa atque fragilis est, virtūs clāra aeternaque 10 habetur.

Sed diu magnum inter mortālīs certamen fuit, vīne corporis an virtūte animī rēs mīlitāris magis prōcēderet. Nam et prius quam incipias consultō et ubi consulueris mātūrē factō opus est. Ita utrumque per sẽ indigēns 15 alterum alterius auxiliō eget.

2. Igitur initiō rēgēs (nam in terrīs nōmen imperī id primum fuit) dīvorsī, pars ingenium, aliī corpus exercebant; etiam tum vita hominum sine cupiditate agitābātur, sua cuique satis placebant. Postea vērō quam in Asia Cyrus, 20 in Graecia Lacedaemonii et Athenienses coepere urbis

* Arabic figures, as 33, refer to the syntactical appendix; those beginning with the Roman figure, as V3(3), refer to the introduction.

Ch. 13, ventrī, 33; 5, animi, 46; 5, corporis, 47; 8, nostrī, 48; 12, vine, 78 ; 14, consulto, 72; 15, per sẽ, 29. Ch. 2 17, igitur, V3(3), 97; 17, imperī, 44; 18, dīvorsī, V1(4); 20, cuique, 93.

I