consumere; (1) sua parvi pendere, aliena cupere; pudorem, pudicitiam, divina atque humana promiscua, nihil pensi neque moderati habere. (2) Operæ pretium est, cùm domos atque villas cognoveris in urbium modum exædificatas, visere templa deorum, quæ nostri majores, religiosissimi mortales, fecêre; verùm illi delubra deorum pietate, domos suas gloriâ, decorabant; neque victis quidquam, præter injuriæ licentiam, eripiebant. At hi contrà, ignavissimi homines, per summum scelus, omnia ea sociis adimere, quæ fortissimi viri victores hostibus reliquerant: proinde quasi injuriam facere, id demum esset imperio uti.

13. Nam quid ea memorem, quæ, nisi iis qui vidêre, nemini credibilia sunt; à privatis compluribus subversos montes, maria constructa esse? (3) quibus ludibrio mihi videntur fuisse divitiæ: quippe, quas honestè habere(4) licebat, per turpitudinem abuti properabant. Sed lubido stupri, ganeæ, cæterique cultûs, non minor incesserat. Viri pati muliebria; mulieres pudicitiam in propatulo habere; vescendi causâ, terrâ marìque omnia exquirere; dormire priùs, quàm somni cupido esset: non famem aut sitim, neque frigus, neque lassitudinem operiri, sed ea omnia luxu antè capere. Hæc juventutem, ubi familiares opes defecerant, facinora incendebant: animus, imbutus malis artibus, haud facilè lubidinibus carebat: eò profusiùs omnibus modis quæstui atque sumptui deditus erat.

14. In tantâ tamque corruptâ civitate Catilina, id quod factu facillimum erat, omnium flagitiorum atquæ facinorum (5) circùm se, tamquam stipatorum, catervas habe

4. Honeste habere. As habere is here opposed to abuti, it must of course be understood in the sense of uti; i. e. to spend. Tacit. Ann. iv. 44. Opes innocenter paratæ, et modestè habitæ. After abuti we must supply iis, scil. divitiis, to which quas must be referred as its antecedent. This verb governs an ablative by the rule, Fungor, fruor, utor, &c.

5. Flagitiorum atque facinorum. That is, the profligate and the wicked; for flagitiosorum atquè facinorosorum. This is called a placing of the res pro persona, or the abstract for the concrete.

bat. Nam quicumque impudicus, adulter, ganeo, manu, ventre, pene, bona patria laceraverat, quique alienum æs grande conflaverat, quò flagitium aut facinus redimeret ; prætereà, omnes undique parricidæ, sacrilegi, convicti judiciis, aut pro factis judicium timentes; ad hoc, quos manus atque lingua perjurio et sanguine civili alebat; postremò, omnes quos flagitium, egestas, conscius animus exagitabat, hi Catilinæ proximi familiaresque erant. Quòd si quis, etiam à culpâ vacuus, in amicitiam ejus inciderat; quotidiano usu atque illecebris facilè par similisque cæteris efficiebatur. Sed maximè adolescentium familiaritates appetebat. Eorum animi molles, et ætate fluxi, dolis haud difficultèr capiebantur. Nam, utì cujusque studium ex ætate flagrabat, aliis scorta præbere, aliis canes atque equos mercari: postremò, neque sumptui neque modestiæ suæ parcere, dum illos obnoxios fidosque sibi faceret. Scio fuisse nonnullos, qui ita existimarent, juventutem, quæ domum Catilinæ frequentabat, parum honestè pudicitiam habuisse; sed ex aliis rebus magis quàm quòd cuiquam id compertum foret, hæc fama valebat.

15. Jamprimùm adolescens Catilina multa nefanda stupra fecerat, cum virgine nobili, (1) cum sacerdote Vestæ, et alia hujuscemodi contra jus fasque; (2) postremò, captus amore Aurelia Orestillæ, cujus, præter formam, nihil unquam bonus laudavit; quòd ea nubere illi dubitabat, timens privignum adultum ætate; pro certo creditur, necato filio, vacuam domum scelestis nuptiis fecisse. Quæ quidem res mihi in primis videtur causa fuisse facinoris (3) maturandi ; namque animus impurus, diis hominibusque infestus, neque vigiliis neque quietibus sedari poterat; ita conscientia mentem excitam vexabat; igitur color ei exsanguis, (4) fœdi oculi; citus modò, modò tardus, incessus: prorsus in facie vultuque vecordia inerat.

16. Sed juventutem, quam, ut supra diximus, illexerat, multis modis mala facinora edocebat: ex illis testes signa

1. Cum virgine nobili. Her name was Fabia Terentia: of whom, and of the vestal virgins, see Lempriere.

2. Jus fasque. The former of these words, which are often found in conjunction, denotes human, and the latter divine laws.

3. Facinoris. The conspiracy. 4. Color ei exanguis. The verb erat is understood, which is very usual, especially in animated descriptions. So in B. J. 14. Pars in crucem acti, pars bestiis objecti; subaud. sunt. The rule is, Est pro habeo, &c.

toresque falsos commodare; fidem, fortunas, pericula, vilia habere; (1) post, ubi eorum famam atque pudorem attriverat, (2) majora alia imperabat. Si causa peccandi in præsens minùs suppetebat, nihilominus insontes, sicuti sontes, circumvenire, jugulare: (3) scilicet, nè per otium torpescerent manus aut animus, gratuitò potiùs malus atque crudelis erat. His amicis sociisque confisus Catilina; simul, quòd æs alienum per omnes terras ingens erat: et, quòd plerique Sullani milites, largiùs suo usi, rapinarum et victoriæ veteris memores, civile bellum exoptabant; opprimendæ reipublicæ consilium cepit. In Italiâ nullus exercitus: Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris (4) bellum gerebat: ipsi consulatum petendi magna spes: senatus nihil sane intentus: tutæ tranquillæque res omnes: sed ea prorsus opportuna Catilinæ.

17. Igitur circiter kalendas Junias, (5) L. Cæsare et C. Figulo consulibus, primò singulos appellare: hortari alios, alios tentare; opes suas, imparatam rempublicam, magna præmia conjurationis docere. Ubi satis explorata sunt, quæ voluit, in unum omnes convocat, quibus maxima necessitudo, et plurimum audaciæ inerat. Eò convenêre, senatorii ordinis, P. Lentulus Sura, P. Autronius, L. Cassius Longinus, C. Cethegus, P. et Serv. Sullæ Servii filii, L. Vargunteïus, Q. Annius, M. Porcius Læca, L. Bestia, Q. Curius; præterea, ex equestri ordine, M. Fulvius Nobilior, L. Statilius, P. Gabinius Capito, C. Cornelius; ad hoc, multi ex coloniis et municipiis, domì nobiles. Erant præterea complures (6) paulo occultiùs consilii hujusce participes nobiles, quos magis dominationis spes horta

1. Habere. This is the latter of two verbs, of which imperabat is the former. [Rule: Verbis quibusdam, &c.]

2. Attriverat. The pluperf. 3. sing. from attero, to wear away, to destroy.

3. Circumvenire, jugulare. To these verbs imperabat must again be supplied from the last sen

tence.

4. Extremis terris. Pompey was now engaged in Pontus and Armenia, conducting the war against Mithridates and Tigranes.

5. Circiter kalendas Junias. About the first of June. Of the

Roman calendar, as well as of the Senatorian and Equestrian orders, and the several individuals mentioned below, see Lempriere. The colonia, colonies, were settlements in conquered countries, governed by the Roman laws; and the municipia were corporate or borough-towns, enjoying the privileges and immunities of Roman citizenship. We may again observe the infinitive instead of the indicative in the verbs appellare, hortari, &c.

6. Complures. Julius Cæsar, Antony, and others, were supposed to have been in this number.

batur, quàm inopia, aut alia necessitudo. Cæterùm juventus pleraque, sed maximè nobilium, Catilinæ inceptis favebat. Quibus in otio (1) vel magnificè, vel mollitèr vivere copia erat, incerta pro certis, bellum quàm pacem, malebant. Fuêre item eâ tempestate, qui crederent M. Licinium Crassum non ignarum ejus consilii fuisse : quia Cn. Pompeïus, invisus ipsi, magnum exercitum ductabat cujusvis opes voluisse (2) contra illius potentiam crescere: simul confisum, si conjuratio valuisset, facilè apud illos principem se fore.

18. Sed antea item conjuravêre pauci; in quibus Catilina: (3) de quâ, (4) quàm verissimè potero, dicam. L. Tullo, M.Lepido consulibus, P.Autronius et P. Sulla, designati consules, (5) legibus ambitùs interrogati, (6) pœnas dederant.(7) Post paulò Catilina, pecuniarum repetundarum reus,(8) prohibitus erat petere consulatum; quôd intrà legitimos dies (9) profiteri nequiverit. Erat eodem tempore Cn. Piso, adolescens nobilis, summæ audaciæ, egens, factiosus; quem ad perturbandam rempublicam inopia atque mali mores stimulabant: cum hoc Catilina et Autronius, cir

1. Quibus in otio, &c. That is, ü, scil. juventus, quibus, &c. With bellum quam pacem there is an ellipsis of the adverb magis. See above, c. 9. note.

2. Cujusvis opes voluisse, &c. That is, credebant eum (Crassum) voluisse, &c.

3. Catilina. Supply erat.

4. De qua. Scil. conjuratione; which is implied in conjuravere. So Cic. ad Div. Epist. ii. 3. Equidem quid sentiam aut scribam, aut ne ad eam meditere, &c. where eam refers to sententiam understood in sentiam.

5. Designati consules. Consuls elect. See Lempriere.

6. Legibus ambitus interrogati. Being tried by the laws against bribery. The verb ambire signifies to go about, and so to caress. Hence ambitus came to signify bribery or corruption in elections. Against this there were several severe laws: among others, one enacted by Cicero, which subjected the convict to banishment

for ten years. Instead of leges ambitus, the more usual form would be leges de ambitu. In the present instance, the genitive is the latter of two substantives.

7. Panas dederant. The two opposite phrases, dare pœnas, to suffer punishment, and sumere pœnas, to inflict punishment, are remarkable idioms in the Latin language, to which it will be worth the scholar's while to attend.

8. Pecuniarum repetundarum reus. Being accused of extortion. Pecuniæ repetundæ signifies properly money to be repaid, as the senate were accustomed to enforce restitution, when a governor had been guilty of exaction in the provinces.

9. Intra legitimos dies. That is, thirty days before the day of election. The word profiteri signifies to offer himself as a candidate; the words se candidatum being understood.

C

citer nonas Decembres, consilio communicato, parabant in Capitolio, kalendis Januariis, (1) L. Cottam et L. Torquatum consules interficere: ipsi, fascibus correptis, Pisonem cum exercitu ad obtinendas duas Hispanias (2) mittere: eâ re cognitâ, rursus in Februarias nonas consilium cædis transtulerunt. Jam tum non consulibus modò, sed plerisque senatoribus, perniciem machinabantur. Quòd ni Catilina maturâsset (3) pro curiâ signum sociis dare; eo die, post conditam urbem Romam, pessimum facinus patratum foret. Quia nondum frequentes armati convenerant, ea res consilium diremit.

19. Postea Piso in Citeriorem Hispaniam quæstor pro prætore missus est, adnitente Crasso; (4) quòd eum infestum Cn. Pompeio cognoverat. Neque tamen senatus pro vinciam invitus dederat ; quippe fœdum hominem à republicâ procul abesse volebat; simul, quia boni complures præsidium in eo putabant, et jam tum potentia Cn. Pompeii formidolosa erat. Sed is Piso, in provinciam, (5) ab equitibus Hispanis, quos in exercitu ductabat, iter faciens occisus. Sunt qui (6) ita dicunt, imperia ejus injusta, superba,

est.

1. Kalendis Januariis. On the of a consul or prætor, was first of January; the day on said to act pro consule, or pro which the consuls entered upon prætore, and styled Proconsul, or their office, and thence called Proprætor. dies solemnis magistratibus ineundis. In early times other days had been appointed for this solemnity, which were altered at different periods, till at last, A. U.C. 600, the above day was finally established. Before commencing their duties, the consuls went in great pomp to the Capitol, where an ox was sacrificed to Jupiter. The fasces were the insignia of the Consular office. Fascibus correptis is the ablative absolute.

2. Duas Hispanias. That is, Hispania Terraconensis, or Citerior; and Hispania Batica, or Ulterior.

3. Maturasset. Had been pre

mature.

4. Adnitente Crasso. At the suit of Crassus: the ablative absolute. Of the office of Questor and Pretor, see Lempriere. A person, delegated to officiate in the stead

5. In provinciam. For in provincia. The preposition in is thus irregularly used by other writers. Plaut. Cass. ii. 3. 26. Ubi in lectum jacuisti. Terent. ii. 2. 29. In tantum honorem esse. So also Sallust himself, in c. 11. supra: Exercitum, quem in Asiam ductaverat.

On the other hand, it is frequently constructed with an ablative, where the sense requires an accusative. Cic. de Orat. i. Veni in senatu. Plaut. Amphit. v. 1. 18. Pergam in ædibus. It appears, from other writers, that Piso was murdered in Spain, not on his journey thither; and that in provinciam iter faciens are not to be taken in connexion, is evident from their position, apart, in the context.

6. Sunt qui, &c. There are some, who, &c. Quidam, or alii, is understood.