batur magis magisque in dies animus ferox inopiâ rei familiaris et conscientiâ scelerum: quæ utraque his artibus auxerat, quas suprà memoravi. Incitabant præterea corrupti civitatis mores; quos (1) pessima ac diversa inter se mala, luxuria atque avaritia, vexabant. Res ipsa (2) hortari videtur, quoniam de moribus civitatis tempus admonuit, suprà repetere, ac paucis instituta majorum domi militiæque, quomodo rempublicam habuerint, quantamque reliquerint, et ut, paulatim immutata, ex pulcherrimâ pessima ac flagitiosissima facta sit, disserere.

6. Urbem Romam, sicut ego accepi, condidêre atque habuêre initio Trojani; qui, Æneâ duce, profugi, sedibus incertis vagabantur; cumque his Aborigines, (3) genus hominum agreste, sine legibus, sine imperio, liberum atque solutum. Hi postquam in una monia convenêre, dispari genere, dissimili linguâ, alius alio more viventes, incre

1. Quos. This relative, in the masculine plural, would seem at first sight to refer to mores, did not the sense determine otherwise. Its antecedent is civitatis, or rather civium, implied in civitatis. Similar adaptations of the pronoun to the sense rather than the syntax, are not uncommon in Sallust. Thus in c. 17. illos refers to conjuratio; in cap. 39. eorum to plebis; and in B. J. 14. quorum to familia. These instances may be regarded as coming under the rule for nouns of multitude.

2. Res ipsa, &c. The order is: Res ipsa videtur hortari (quoniam tempus admonuit de moribus civitatis) supra repetere, (to make a retrospect;) ac paucis verbis disserere instituta majorum domi militiæque, quomodo habuerint rempublicam, quantamque reliquerint; et ut (and how) paulatim immutata (sc. reipublica) facta sit pessima ac flagitiosissima ex pulcherrima. There is a similar passage in Tacit. Hist. iv. Res

pessere videtur, quia iterum in mentionem incidimus viri sæpius memorandi, ut vitam studiumque ejus paucis repetam.

3. Aborigines. Of the import of this term there are various opinions. The most probable is, that the early inhabitants of Latium are intended, who were the original possessors of the country.

According to Cic. Tusc. Quæst. i. the old poet Ennius calls them Casci; a name which is thus explained by an old writer, cited by Servius in his Commentary on Virgil: Latium dicitur, quod ibi latuerint incolæ; qui, quoniam in cavis et occultis montium caventes sibi a feris belluis, vel a valentioribus vel a tempestatibus, habitaverint, Casci vocuti sunt; quos postea Aborigines nominaverunt; quoniam a dis ortos recognoscebant. Ovid speaks of them as, Gens hominum truncis, et duro robore nati; and Juvenal describes them as, Homines, qui rupto robore nati, Compositique luto,nullos habuere parentes: Sat.vi. Of course these are poetical allusions to their uncivilized and barbarous state.

dibile memoratu est, quam facilè coaluerint. Sed postquam res eorum civibus, moribus, agris aucta, satis prospera satisque pollens videbatur; sicuti pleraque mortalium habentur, invidia ex opulentiâ orta est. Igitur reges populique finitimi bello tentare: (1) pauci ex amicis auxilio esse. Nam cæteri, metu perculsi, à periculis aberant. (2) At Romani, domì militiæque intenti, festinare, parare, alius alium hortari, hostibus obviàm ire; libertatem, patriam, parentesque armis tegere. Post, ubi pericula virtute propulerant, sociis atque amicis auxiliat portabant; magisque dandis, quàm accipiendis beneficiis, amicitias parabant: imperium legitimum, nomen imperii regium (3) habebant: delecti, quibus corpus annis infirmum, ingenium sapientiâ validum erat, reipublicæ consultabant. Hi, vel ætate, vel curæ similitudine, Patres (4) appellabantur. Post, ubi regium imperium, quod initio conservandæ libertatis atque augendæ reipublicæ fuerat, (5) in superbiam dominationemque convertit; immutato more, annua imperia, binos imperatores, (6) sibi fecêre: eo modo minimè posse putabant per licentiam insolescere animum humanum.

7. Sed eâ tempestate cœpêre se quisque magis magisque extollere, ingeniumque in promptu habere: nam regibus

1. Tentare. For tentabant; and so esse for erant. The infinitive is often used for the preterimperfect indicative in narrations, and therefore particularly by Sallust and the other historians. It is generally supposed to be governed by incipiebat understood. [Rule: Ponuntur interdum, &c.] This, however, will not always apply; as for instance in B. J.92. where potuerant may be supplied. Perhaps the Latins understood nothing, but merely adopted the form as more smooth and elegant. 2. A periculis aberant. Kept aloof from danger.

3. Nomen imperii regium. That is, a kingly or monarchic form of government.

4. Patres. The epithet conscripti was usually added; as will be seen in the Orations of Cicero and others.

5. Conservandæ libertatis, atque augendæ reipublicæ fuerat. That is, had been conducive to the preservation, &c. In this sense esse is generally followed by a genitive accompanied by a participle future in dus. Liv. xxxviii. 50. Nihil tam æquandæ libertatis esse. Sall. B. J. 88. Quæ postquam gloriose modo, neque belli patrandi cognovit. To complete the sense, some understand causa, and others negotium or negotia; but both are questionable. In this instance, at least, imperium may be repeated; and the construction is the same as in ingenui vultus puer, and similar examples. [Rule: Substantivum cum adjectivo, &c.]

6. Binos imperatores. They were called Consuls. See Lempriere's Class. Dict.

boni, quàm mali, suspectiores sunt: semperque his aliena virtus formidolosa est. Sed civitas, incredibile memoratu est, adeptâ libertate,(1) quantùm brevi creverit: tanta cupido gloriæ incesserat, Jamprimum juventus, simul laboris ac belli patiens erat, in castris per usum militiam discebat; magisque in decoris armis et militaribus equis, quàm in scortis atque conviviis, lubidinem habebat. Igitur talibus viris non labos insolitus, non locus ullus asper aut arduus erat: non armatus hostis formidolosus: virtus omnia domuerat. Sed gloriæ maximum certamen inter ipsos erat: quisque hostem ferire, murum ascendere, conspici dum tale facinus faceret, properabat. Eas divitias, (2) eam bonam famam magnamque nobilitatem, putabant. Laudis avidi, pecuniæ liberales erant; gloriam ingentem, divitias honestas volebant. Memorare possem, quibus in locis maximas hostium copias populus Romanus parvâ manu fuderit, quas urbes, naturâ munitas, pugnando ceperit: nî ea res longiùs nos ab incepto traheret.

8. Sed profectò fortuna in omni re dominatur: ea res cunctas, ex lubidine magis, quàm ex vero, (3) celebrat obscuratque. Atheniensium res gestæ, (4) sicut ego existimo, satis amplæ magnificæque fuêre, verùm aliquanto minores tamen quàm famâ feruntur: sed, quia provenêre ibi magna scriptorum ingenia, (5) per terrarum orbem Atheniensium facta pro maximis celebrantur. Ita eorum, qui ea fecère, virtus tanta habetur, quantum verbis ea potuêre extollere præclara ingenia. At populo Romano numquam ea copia fuit: quia prudentissimus quisquis negotiosus maximè erat: ingenium nemo sine corpore exercebat: optimus quisque facere, quàm dicere; sua ab aliis benefacta laudari, quàm ipse aliorum narrare, malebat.

1. Adepta libertate. The participle adeptus, from adipiscor, dep. act. is here used passively; and so again in B. J. 101. adeptam victoriam retinere. Cic. de Senect. 2. Senectutem accusant adeptam. The same is the case with many other deponent participles; and somewhat similarly many neuter verbs are found in the participle passive. On the contrary, some passive participles are occasionally found in an active sense; as falsos, in c. 10. for fallentes.

2. Eas divitias, &c. The construction may be thus supplied; Eas res esse divitias, eam famam esse bonam famam, &c.

3. Ex lubidine magis, quam ex vero. From caprice rather than justice.

4. Res gesta. Exploits.

5. Magna scriptorum ingenia. For scriptores magni ingenii. Such were Herodotus, Thucydides, and Xenophon. This alternate change of case is called Hypallage.

9. Igitur domì militiæque boni mores colebantur; concordia maxima, minima avaritia erat. Jus bonumque apud eos non legibus magis, quàm naturâ, valebat. Jurgia, discordias, simultates cum hostibus exercebant: cives cum civibus de virtute certabant: in suppliciis deorum magnifici, domì parci, in amicis fideles (1) erant: duabus his artibus, audaciâ in bello; ubi pax evenerat, æquitate, seque remque publicam curabant. Quarum rerum ego maxima documenta hæc habeo; quòd in bello sæpiùs vindicatum est in eos, qui contra imperium in hostem pugnaverant, quique tardiùs revocati prœlio excesserant; quàm qui signa relinquere, aut, pulsi, loco cedere ausi erant. In pace verò, beneficiis quàm metu, (2) imperium agitabant; et, acceptâ injuriâ, ignoscere, quàm persequi, malebant.

10. Sed, ubi labore atque justitiâ respublica crevit ; reges magni bello domiti; (3) nationes feræ, et populi ingentes, vi subacti; Carthago, (4) æmula imperii Romani, ab stirpe interiit: cuncta maria terræque patebant: sævire fortuna ac miscere omnia cœpit. Qui labores, pericula, dubias atque asperas res, facilè toleraverant; iis otium, (5) divitiæ, optandæ aliis, oneri miseriæque fuêre. Igitur primò pecuniæ, dein imperii, cupido crevit: ea quasi materies omnium malorum fuêre. Namque avaritia fidem, probitatem, cæterasque artes bonas subvertit: pro his superbiam, crudelitatem, deos negligere, omnia venalia habere, edocuit. Ambitio multos mortales falsos (6) fieri subegit; aliud clausum in pectore, aliud promptum in linguâ habere; amicitias inimicitiasque, non ex re, sed ex commodo, æstimare; magisque vultum, quàm ingenium, bonum habere. Hæc primo paulatim crescere, interdum vindicari. Post, ubi contagio, (7) quasi pestilentia, invasit; civitas immutata: imperium ex justissimo atque optimo, crudele intolerandumque factum.

1. In amicis fideles. For in amicos. We have the same construction again in c. 11. fæda crudeliaque in civibus facinora. So again, c. 52. B. J. 58. Cæsar also, and other writers, frequently employ it. See below, c. 19.

2. Beneficiis quam metu. Magis is here understood. So again in c. 20. Nisi vos servire, quam imperare parati estis. Omissions of this kind are called Ellipses.

3. Domiti. Sunt is understood. So with subasti. See c. 14. 4. Carthago. See Lempriere. 5. Tis otium, &c. Fuere is here constructed with two datives. [Rule: Sum, cum multis aliis, &c.]

6. Falsos. See above, p. 7, n. 1.

7. Contagio. This may be either the nominative case, or the ablative from contagium. If the former, it is coupled by quasi with pestilentia; and if the latter, it is the ablative of the manner.

11. Sed primò magis ambitio, quàm avaritia, animos hominum exercebat: quod tamen vitium propius virtuti erat. Nam gloriam, honorem, imperium, bonus, ignavus, æquè sibi exoptant: sed ille verâ viâ nititur; huic quia bonæ artes desunt, dolis atque fallaciis contendit. Avaritia pecuniæ studium habet, quam nemo sapiens concupivit; ea, quasi venenis malis imbuta, corpus animumque virilem effoeminat; semper infinita, insatiabilis, est ; neque copiâ neque inopiâ minuitur. Sed postquam L. Sulla, armis receptâ republicâ, (1) bonis initiis malos eventus (2) habuit: rapere omnes, trahere; domum alius, alius agros cupere; neque modum, neque modestiam victores habere; fœda crudeliaque in civibus facinora facere. Huc accedebat, quòd L. Sulla exercitum, quem in Asiâ ductaverat, quò sibi fidum faceret, contra morem majorum luxuriosè nimisque liberalitèr habuerat. Loca amona, voluptaria,

Ibi

facilè in otio feroces militum animos molliverant. primùm insuevit exercitus populi Romani amare, potare, signa, tabulas pictas, vasa cælata mirari, ea privatim ac publicè rapere, delubra spoliare, sacra profanaque omnia polluere. Igitur hi milites, postquam victoriam adepti sunt, nihil reliqui victis fecêre. Quippe secundæ res sapientium animos fatigant; nedum illi (3) corruptis moribus victoriæ temperarent.

12. Postquam divitiæ honori (4) esse cœperunt, et eas gloria, imperium, potentia sequebatur; hebescere virtus, paupertas probro haberi, innocentia pro malevolentiâ duci cœpit. Igitur ex divitiis juventutem luxuria atque avaritia cum superbiâ invasêre: rapere,

1. Armis receptâ republicâ. The Lempriere under Marius and ablative absolute. Sylla.

2. Bonis initiis malos eventus. The commencement of Sylla's career, and his demolition of the Marian faction, rendered him a benefactor to his country. But no sooner had he put an end to the tyranny of his rival, than he took advantage of his success to make himself master of the state in return, and entered upon a system of cruelty and proscription, infinitely more barbarous than that which Marius had previously exercised. See

3. Nedum illi, &c. Much less could they of corrupt morals use a victory with moderation. This seems to be the best construction, corruptis moribus being the ablative of the quality. [Rule: Substantivum, cum adjectivo, &c.] It might, however, be the ablative absolute. Victoria is the dative after temperarent. [Rule: Verba imperandi, &c.]

4. Honori. The dative after esse and haberi is very elegant. [Rule: Sum exigit dativum.]