nium into Etruria. Carvilius had, in the in viewing the spoils of the Samnites, and meantime, taken from the Samnites Volana, comparing them, in respect of magnificence Palumbinum, and Herculaneum : Volana after and beauty, with those taken by his father, a siege of a few days, Palumbinum the same which were well known, from being frequently day on which he approached the walls. At exhibited as ornaments of the public places. Herculaneum, it is true, the consul had two Several prisoners of distinction, renowned for regular engagements without any decisive ad- their own exploits, and those of their ancestors, vantage on either side, and with greater loss were led in the cavalcade. There were carried than was suffered by the enemy: but after- in the train two millions and thirty-three thouwards, encamping on the spot, he shut them up sand asses in weight,' said to be produced by within their works, besieged and took the the sale of the prisoners, and of silver, taken in town. In these three towns were taken or the cities, one thousand three hundred and thirty slain ten thousand men, of whom the prisoners pounds. All the silver and brass were lodged in composed somewhat the greater part. On the the treasury, no share of this part of the spoil beconsuls casting lots for the provinces, Etruria ing given to the soldiers. The ill humour which fell to Carvilius, to the great satisfaction of the this excited in the commons, was farther exassoldiers, who now found the cold too severe in perated by their being obliged to contribute, by Samnium. Papirius was opposed at Sepinum a tax, to the payment of the army; whereas, with a more powerful force: he was obliged said they, if the vain parade of conveying the to fight often in pitched battles; often, on a produce of the spoil to the treasury had been march; and often, under the walls of the city, disregarded, donations might have been made against the irruptions of the enemy; and could to the soldiers, and the pay of the army also supneither besiege, nor engage them on equal plied out of that fund. The temple of Quiriterms for the Samnites had not only the ad- nus, vowed by his father when dictator, (for vantage of walls, but likewise of numbers of that he himself had vowed it in the heat of men and arms to protect their walls. At battle, I do not find in any ancient writer, nor length, after a great deal of fighting, he forced indeed could he in so short a time have finished them to submit to a regular siege. This he the building of it,) the son, in the office of concarried on with vigour, and made himself mas-sul, dedicated and adorned with military spoils. ter of the city by means of his works, and by storm. The rage of the soldiers on this occasion caused the greatest slaughter in the taking of the town; seven thousand four hundred fell by the sword; the number of the prisoners did not amount to three thousand. The spoil, of which the quantity was very great, the whole substance of the Samnites being collected in a few cities, was given up to the soldiers.

XLVI. The snow had now entirely covered the face of the country, and rendered the shelter of houses absolutely necessary: the consul therefore led home his troops from Samnium. While he was on his way to Rome, a triumph was decreed him with universal consent and accordingly he triumphed while in office, and with extraordinary splendour, considering the circumstances of those times. The cavalry and infantry marched in the procession, adorned with the honourable presents which they had received. Great numbers of crowns were seen, which had been bestowed as marks of honour, for having saved the lives of citizens, or for having first mounted walls or ramparts. People's curiosity was highly gratified

And of these, so great was the abundance, that
not only that temple and the forum were de-
corated with them, but quantities were also
distributed among the allies and colonies in the
neighbourhood, to serve as ornaments to their
temples and public places. Immediately after
his triumph, he led his army into winter quar-
ters in the territory of Vescia; that country
being exposed to the inroads of the Samnites.
Meanwhile, in Etruria, the consul Carvilius
first laid siege to Troilium, when four hundred
and seventy of the richest inhabitants, offering
a large sum of money for permission to leave
the place, he suffered them to depart: the town,
with the remaining multitude, he took by
storm. He afterwards reduced, by force, five
forts strongly situated, wherein were slain two
thousand four hundred of the enemy, and not
quite two thousand made prisoners. To the
Faliscians, who sued for peace, he granted a
truce for a year, on condition of their furnishing
an hundred thousand asses in weight, and a
year's pay for his army.
This business com-

pleted, he returned home to a triumph, which, | two hundred and sixty-two thousand three though it was less illustrious than that of his colleague, in respect of his share in the defeat of the Samnites, was yet raised to an equality with it; the whole honour of the campaign in Etruria belonging solely to him. He carried into the treasury three hundred and ninety thousand asses in weight. Out of the remainder of the money accruing to the public from the spoils, he contracted for the building of a temple to Fors Fortuna, near to that dedicated to the same goddess by king Servius Tullius; and gave to the soldiers, out of the spoil, one hundred and two asses each, and double that sum to the centurions and horsemen this donative was received the more gratefully, on account of the parsimony of his colleague.

XLVII. The favour of the consul saved from a trial, before the people, Postumius; who on a prosecution being commenced against him by Marcus Scantius, plebeian tribune, evaded, as was said, the jurisdiction of the people, by procuring the commission of lieutenantgeneral, so that he could only be threatened with it. The year having now elapsed, new plebeian tribunes had come into office; and even these, in consequence of some irregularity in their appointments, had, within five days after, others substituted in their room. The lustrum was closed this year by the censors Publius Cornelius Arvina and Caius Marcius Rutilus. The number of citizens rated was

hundred and twenty-two. These were the
twenty-sixth pair of eensors since the first in-
stitution of that office; and this the nineteenth
lustrum. In this year, persons who had been
presented with crowns, in consideration of mer-
itorious behaviour in war, first began to wear
them at the exhibition of the Roman games.
At the same time was first introduced from
Greece, the practice of bestowing palms on the
victors in the games. In the same year the
curule ædiles, who exhibited those games, com-
pleted the paving of the road from the temple
of Mars to Bovillæ, out of fines levied on the
farmers of the public pastures. Lucius Papi-
rius presided at the consular election, and re-
turned consuls Quintus Fabius Gurges, son of
Maximus, and Decius Junius Brutus Scæva.
Papirius himself was made prætor.
The many
prosperous events of this year were scarcely
sufficient to afford consolation for one calamity,
a pestilence, which afflicted both the city and
country, and caused a prodigious mortality. To
discover what end, or what remedy, was ap-
pointed by the gods for that calamity, the books
were consulted, and there it was found that
Esculapius must be brought to Rome from
Epidaurus. However, as the consuls had full
employment in the wars, no farther steps were
taken in that business during this year, except
the performing a supplication to Esculap ius,
of one day's continuance.

HERE ten books of the original are lost, making a chasm of seventy-five years. The translator's object being to publish the work of Livy only, he has not thought it his duty to attempt to supply this deficiency, either by a compilation of his own, or by transcribing or translating those of others. The reader, however, who may be desirous of knowing the events which took place during this interval, will find as complete a detail of them as can now be given, in Hooke's or Rollin's Roman History.

The contents of the lost books have been preserved, and are as follows:

BOOK XI.

[Y. R. 460. B. C. 292.] Fabius Gurges, consul, having fought an unsuccessful battle with the Samnites, the senate deliberate about dismissing him from the command of the army; are prevailed upon not to inflict that disgrace upon him, principally by the entreaties of his father, Fabius Maximus, and by his promising

1 1,259% 78. 6d. 2 6s. 7d.

C.

to join the army, and serve, in quality of lieutenant-general, under his son: which promise he performs, and the consul, aided by his counsel and co-operation, obtains a victory over the Samnites, and a triumph in consequence. Pontius, the general of the Samnites, led in triumph before the victor's carriage, and afterwards beheaded. A plague at Rome. [Y. R. 461. B. C. 291.] Ambassadors sent to Epidaurus, to bring from thence to Rome the

were slain, remarks, that they all of them lay with their faces turned towards their enemy. He proceeds towards Rome, ravaging the country as he goes along. C. Fabricius is sent by the senate to treat for the redemption of the prisoners: the king, in vain, attempts to bribe

statue of Esculapius: a serpent, of itself, goes on board their ship; supposing it to be the abode of the deity, they bring it with them; and, upon its quitting their vessel, and swimming to the island in the Tyber, they consecrate there a temple to Æsculapius. L. Postumius, a man of consular rank, condemned for employ-him to desert his country. The prisoners reing the soldiers under his command in working upon his farm. [Y. R. 462. B. C. 290.] Curius Dentatus, consul, having subdued the Samnites, and the rebellious Sabines, triumphs twice during his year of office. [Y. R. 463. B. C. 289.] | The colonies of Castrum, Sena, and Adria, established. Three judges of capital crimes now first appointed. A census and lustrum: the number of citizens found to be two hundred and seventy-three thousand. After a long-continued sedition, on account of debts, the commons secede to the Janiculum: [Y. R. 466. B. C. 286.] are brought back by Q. Hortensius, dictator, who dies in office. Successful operations against the Volsinians and Lucanians, [Y. R. 468. B. C. 284.] against whom it was thought expedient to send succour to the Thuringians.

BOOK XII.

[Y. R. 469. B. C. 283.] The Senonian Gauls having slain the Roman ambassadors, war is declared against them: they cut off L. Cæcilius, prætor, with the legions under his command, Y. R. 470. B. C. 282.] The Roman fleet plundered by the Tarentines, and the commander slain: ambassadors, sent to complain of this outrage, are ill-treated and sent back;

stored without ransom. Cineas, ambassador
from Pyrrhus to the senate, demands, as a con-
dition of peace, that the king be admitted into
the city of Rome: the consideration of which
being deferred to a fuller meeting, Appius
Claudius, who, on account of a disorder in his
eyes, had not, for a long time, attended in the
senate, comes there; moves, and carries his
motion, that the demand of the king be refused.
Cneius Domitius, the first plebeian censor,
holds a lustrum; the number of the citizens
found to be two hundred and seventy-eight
thousand two hundred and twenty-two. A
second, but undecided battle with Pyrrhus.
[Y. R. 473. B. C. 279.] The treaty with the
Carthaginians renewed a fourth time.
offer made to Fabricius, the consul, by a traitor
to poison Pyrrhus; [Y. R. 474. B. C. 278.]
he sends him to the king, and discovers to him
the treasonable offer. Successful operations
against the Etruscans, Lucanians, Bruttians,
and Samnites.

BOOK XIV.

An

475. B. C. 277.] Many prodigies, among which, Pyrrhus crosses over into Sicily. [Y. R. the statue of Jupiter in the capitol is struck by lightning, and thrown down. [Y. R. 476.

whereupon war is declared against them. The B. C. 276.] The head of it afterwards found Samnites revolt; against whom, together with by the priests. Curius Dentatus, holding a the Lucanians, Bruttians, and Etruscans, several unsuccessful battles are fought by different refuses to answer to his name when called upon. levy, puts up to sale the goods of a person who generals. [Y. R. 471. B. C. 281.] Pyrrhus, king [Y. R. 477. B. C. 275.] Pyrrhus, after his of Epirus, comes into Italy, to succour the Tarreturn from Sicily, is defeated, and compelled entines. A Campanian legion sent, under the command of Decius Jubellius, to garrison Rheg-find the number of the citizens to be two hunto quit Italy. The censors hold a lustrum, and ium, murder the inhabitants, and seize the city.

BOOK XIII.

[Y. R. 472. B. C. 280.] Valerius Lævinus, consul, engages with Pyrrhus, and is beaten, his soldiers being terrified at the unusual appearance of elephants. After the battle, Pyrrhus, viewing the bodies of the Romans who

dred and seventy-one thousand two hundred and twenty-four. [Y. R. 479. B. C. 273.] A treaty of alliance formed with Ptolemy, king of Egypt. Sextilia, a vestal, found guilty of incest, and buried alive. Two colonies sent forth, to Posidonium and Cossa. [Y. R. 480. B. C. 272.] A Carthaginian fleet sails, in aid of the Tarentines, by which act the treaty is violated. Successful operations against the

Lucanians, amnites, and Bruttians. Death | when returning to his habitation at night, of king Pyrrhus.

BOOK XV.

to be attended with torches and music. L. Cornelius, consul, fights and subdues the Sardinians and Corsicans, together with Hanno, the Carthaginian general, in the island of Sardinia. [Y. R. 494. B. C. 258.] Atilius CalaThe Tarentines overcome: peace and free-tinus, consul, drawn into an ambuscade by the dom granted to them. [Y. R. 481. B. C. 271.] | Carthaginians, is rescued by the skill and valour The Campanian legion, which had forcibly taken possession of Rhegium, besieged there; lay down their arms, and are punished with death. Some young men, who had ill-treated the ambassadors from the Apollonians to the senate of Rome, are delivered up to them. Peace granted to the Picentians. [Y. R. 484. B. C. 268.] Two colonies established; one at Ariminum in Picenum, another at Beneventum in Samnium. Silver coin now, for the first time, used by the Roman people. [Y. R. 485. B. C. 267.] The Umbrians and Sallentines subdued. The number of quæstors increased to eight.

BOOK XVI.

[Y. R. 488. B. C. 264.] Origin and progress of the Carthaginian state. After much debate, the senate resolves to succour the Mammertines against the Carthaginians, and against Hiero, king of Syracuse. Roman cavalry, then, for the first time, cross the sea, and engage, successfully, in battle with Hiero; who solicits and obtains peace. [Y. R. 489. B. C. 263.] A lustrum: the number of the citizens amounts to two hundred and ninetytwo thousand two hundred and twenty-four. D. Junius Brutus exhibits the first show of gladiators, in honour of his deceased, father. [Y. R. 490. B. C. 262.] The Æsernian colony established. Successful operations against the Carthaginians and Vulsinians. [Y. R. 491. B. C. 261.]

BOOK XVII.

of M. Calpurnius, a military tribune, who making a sudden attack upon the enemy, with a body of only three hundred men, turns their whole force against himself. [Y. R. 495. B. C. 257.] Hannibal, the commander of the Carthaginian fleet which was beaten, is put to death by his soldiers.

BOOK XVIII.

[Y. R. 496. B. C. 256.] Attilius Regulus, consul, having overcome the Carthaginians in a sea-fight, passes over into Africa: kills a serpent of prodigious magnitude, with great loss of his own men. [Y. R. 497. B. C. 255.] The senate, on account of his successful conduct of the war, not appointing him a successor, he writes to them, complaining; and, among other reasons for desiring to be recalled, alleges, that his little farm, being all his subsistence, was going to ruin, owing to the mismanagement of hired stewards. [Y. R. 498. B. C. 254.] A memorable instance of the instability of fortune exhibited in the person of Regulus, who is overcome in battle, and taken prisoner by Xanthippus, a Lacedæmonian general. [Y. R. 499. B. C. 253.] The Roman fleet shipwreckde; which disaster entirely reverses the good fortune which had hitherto attended their affairs. Titus Corucanius, the first high priest chosen from among the commons. [Y. R. 500. B. C. 252.] P. Sempronius Sophus, and M. Valerius Maximus, censors, examine into the state of the senate, and expel thirteen of the members of that body. [Y. R. 501. B. C. 251.] They hold a lustrum, and find the number of citizens to be two hundred and ninety-seven thousand seven hundred and ninety-seven. [Y. R. 502. B. C. 250.] Regulus being sent by the Carthaginians to Rome to treat for peace, and an exchange of prisoners, binds himself by oath to return if these objects be not attained; dissuades the senate from agreeing to the propositions and then, in observance of his oath, returning to Carthage, is put to death by tor

[Y. R. 492. B. C. 260.] Cneius Cornelius, consul, surrounded by the Carthaginian fleet; and, being drawn into a conference by a stratagem, is taken. [Y. R. 493. B. C. 259.] C. Duilius, consul, engages with, and vanquishes the Carthaginian fleet; is the first commander to whom a triumph was decreed for a naval victory; in honour of which, he is allowed,ture.

BOOK XIX.

[Y. R. 502. B. C. 250.] C. Cæcilius Metellus. having been successful in several engagements with the Carthaginians, triumphs with more splendour than had ever yet been seen; thirteen generals of the enemy, and one hundred and twenty elephants, being exhibited in the procession. [Y. R. 503. B. C. 249.] Claudius Pulcher, consul, obstinately persisting, notwithstanding the omens were inauspicious, engages the enemy's fleet, and is beaten ; drowns the sacred chickens which would not feed recalled by the senate, and ordered to nominate a dictator; he appoints Claudius Glicia, one of the lowest of the people, who, notwithstanding his being ordered to abdicate. the office, yet attends the celebration of the public games in his dictator's robe. [Y. R. 504. B. C. 248.] Atilius Calatinus, the first dictator who marches with an army out of Italy. An exchange of prisoners with the Carthaginians. Two colonies established at Fregene and Brundusium in the Sallentine territories. [Y. R. 505. B. C. 247.] A lustrum; the citizens numbered amount to two hundred and fifty-one thousand two hundred and twenty-two. [Y. R. 506. B. C. 246.] Claudia, the sister of Claudius, who had fought unsuccessfully, in contempt of the auspices, being pressed by the crowd, as she was returning from the game, cries out, I wish my brother were alive and had again the command of the fleet: for which offence she is tried and fined. [Y. R. 507. B. C. 245.] Two prætors now first created. Aulus Postumius, consul, being priest of Mars, forcibly detained in the city by Cæcilius Metellus, the high-priest, and not suffered to go forth to war, being obliged by law to attend to the sacred duties of his office. [Y. R. 508. B. C. 244] After several successful engagements with the Carthaginians, Caius Lutatius, consul, puts an end to the war, [Y. R. 509. B. C. 243.] by

gaining a complete victory over their fleet, at the island of Ægate. The Carthaginians sue for peace, which is granted to them. [Y. R. 510. B. C. 242.] The temple of Vesta being on fire, the high priest, Cæcilius Metellus, saves the sacred utensils from the flames. [Y. R. 511. B. C. 241.] Two new tribes added, the Veline and Quirine. The Falisci rebel; are subdued in six days.

BOOK XX.

A colony settled at Spoletum. [Y. R. 512. B. C. 240.] An army sent against the Ligurians; being the first war with that state. The Sardinians and Corsicans rebel, and are subdued. [Y. R. 514. B. C. 238.] Tuccia, a vestal, found guilty of incest. War declared against the Illyrians, who had slain an ambassador; they are subdued and brought to submission. [Y. R. 515. B. C. 237.] The number of prætors increased to four. The Transalpine Gauls make an irruption into Italy: are conquered and put to the sword. [Y. R. 516. B. C. 236.] The Roman army, in conjunction, with the Latines, is said to have amounted to no less than three hundred thousand men. [Y. R. 517. B. C. 235.] The Roman army for the first time crosses the Po; fights with and subdues the Insubrian Gauls. [Y. R. 530. B. C. 222.] Claudius Marcellus, consul, having slain Viridomarus, the general of the Insubrian Gauls, carries off the spolia opima. [Y. R. 531. B. C. 221.] The Istrians subdued; also the Illyrians, who had rebelled. [Y. R. 532. B. C. 220.] The censors hold a lustrum, in which the number of the citizens is found to be two hundred and seventy thousand two hundred and thirteen. The sons of freedmen formed into four tribes; the Esquiline, Palatine, Suburran, and Colline. [Y. R. 533. B. C. 219.] Caius Flaminius, censor, constructs the Flaminian road, and builds the Flaminian circus.