THE

HISTORY OF ROME.

BOOK X.

Submission of the Marcians accepted. The college of Augurs augmented from four to nine. The law of appeal to the people carried by Valerius, the consul. Two more tribes added. War declared against the Samnites. Several successful actions. In an engagement against the combined forces of the Etruscans, Umbrians, Samnites, and Gauls, Publius Decius, after the example of his father, devotes himself for the army. Dies, and, by his death, procures the victory to the Romans. Defeat of the Samnites by Papirius Cursor. The census held. The lustrum closed. The number of the citizens two hundred and sixty-two thousand three hundred and twenty-two.

I. UNDER the succeeding consuls, Lucius | openings were filled up with wood, which be Genucius, and Servius Cornelius, [Y. R. 450. ing set on fire, there perished by means of the B. C. 302.] the state enjoyed almost uninter- smoke and heat, no less than two thousand rupted rest from foreign wars. Colonies were men; many of whom, at the last, in attemptled out to Sora and Alba. For the latter, ing to make their way out, rushed into the situated in the country of the Equans, six very flames. [Y. R. 451. B. C. 301.] The two thousand colonists were enrolled. Sora had Marci, Livius Denter and Æmilius, succeedformerly belonged to the Volscian territory, ing to the consulship, war broke out again with. but had fallen into the possession of the Sam- the Æquans; who, being highly displeased at nites: thither were sent four thousand settlers. the colony established within their territory, This year the freedom of the state was granted as if it were a fortress to keep them in awe, to the Arpinians and Trebulans. The Frusi- made an attempt, with their whole force, to nonians were fined a third part of their lands, seize it, but were repulsed by the colonists because it was discovered, that they had endea- themselves. They caused, however, such an voured to stir up the Hernicians to rebellion; alarm at Rome, that, to quell this insurrection, and the heads of that conspiracy, after a trial Caius Junius Bubulcus was nominated dicbefore the consuls, held in pursuance of a de- tator: for it was scarcely credible that the cree of the senate, were beaten with rods and Equans, after being reduced to such a degree beheaded. However, that the Romans might of weakness, should by themselves alone have not pass the year entirely exempt from war, a ventured to engage in a war. The dictator, little expedition was made into Umbria; intel- taking the field, with Marcus Titinius, master ligence being received from thence, that num- of the horse, in the first engagement, reduced hers of men, in arms, had, from a certain cave, the quans to submission; and returning into made excursions into the adjacent country. the city in triumph, on the eighth day, dediInto this cave the troops penetrated with their cated, in the character of dictator, the temple standards, and, the place being dark, they of Health, which he had vowed when consul, received many wounds, chiefly from stones and contracted for when censor. thrown. At length the other mouth of the cave being found, for it was pervious, both the

II. During this year a fleet of Grecians, under the command of Cleonymus, a Lacedæ

flying back towards their ships, were opposed in their way by the Venetians. Thus inclosed, on both sides, they were cut to pieces; and some, who were made prisoners, gave information that the fleet, with their king Cleonymus, was but three miles distant. Sending the captives into the nearest canton, to be kept under a guard, some soldiers got on board the flatbottomed vessels, so constructed for the purpose of passing the shoals with ease; others threw themselves into those which had been lately taken from the enemy, and proceeding down the river, surrounded their unwieldy ships, which dreaded the unknown sands and flats, more than they did the Romans, and which showed a greater eagerness to escape into the deep, than to make resistance. The soldiers pursued them as far as the mouth of the river; and having taken and burned a part of the fleet, which, in the hurry and confusion, had been stranded, returned victorious. Cleonymus, having met success in no part of the Adriatic sea, departed with scarce a fifth part of his navy remaining. Many, now alive, have seen the beaks of his ships, and the spoils of the Lacedæmonians hanging in the old temple of Juno. In commemoration of this event, there is exhibited at Patavium, every year, on its anniversary day, a naval combat on the river in the middle of the town.

monian, arrived on the coast of Italy, and took Thuriæ, a city in the territory of the Sallentines. Against this enemy, the consu! Æmilius was sent, who, in one battle, completely defeated them, and without further opposition drove them on board their ships. Thuria was then restored to its old inhabitants, and peace re-established in the country of the Sallantines. In some annals, I find that Junius Bubulcus was sent dictator into that country, and that Cleonymus, without hazarding an engagement with the Romans, retired out of Italy. He then sailed round the promontory of Brundusium, and, steering down the middle of the Adriatic gulf, because he dreaded, on the left hand, the coasts of Italy destitute of harbours, and, on the right, the Illyrians, Liburnians, and Istrians, nations of savages, and noted in general for piracy, he passed on to the coasts of the Venetians. Here, having landed a small party to explore the country, and, being informed that a narrow beach stretched along the shore, beyond which were marshes, overflowed by the tides; that dry land was seen at no great distance, level in the nearest part, and rising behind into hills, beyond which was the mouth of a very deep river, into which they had seen ships brought round and moored in safety, (this was the river Meduacus,) he ordered his fleet to sail into it and go up against the stream. As the channel would not admit III. A treaty was this year concluded at the heavy ships, the troops, removing into the Rome with the Vestinians, who solicited lighter vessels, arrived at a part of the country, friendship. Various causes of apprehension occupied by three maritime cantons of the Pa- afterwards sprung up. News arrived, that tavians, settled on that coast. Here they made Etruria was in rebellion; the insurrection hava descent, leaving a small guard with the ships, ing arisen from the dissentions of the Arremade themselves masters of these cantons, set tians; for the Cilnian family having grown fire to the houses, drove off a considerable exorbitantly powerful, a party, out of envy of booty of men and cattle, and, allured by the their wealth, had attempted to expel them by sweets of plunder, proceeded still farther from force of arms. Accounts were also received the shore. When news of this was brought to that the Marsians held forcible possession of Patavium, where the contiguity of the Gauls the lands to which the colony of Carceoli, conkept the inhabitants constantly in arms, they sisting of four thousand men, had been sent. divided their young men into two bands, one By reason, therefore, of these commotions, of which was led towards the quarter where Marcus Valerius Maximus was nominated dicthe marauders were said to be busy; the other tator, and chose for his master of the horse, by a different route, to avoid meeting any of Marcus Æmilius Paullus. This I am inclined the pirates, towards the station of the ships, to believe, rather than that Quintus Fabius, at fifteen miles distant from the town. These at- such an age as he then was, and after enjoying tacked the small craft, and, killing the guards, many honours, was placed in a station subordi compelled the affrighted mariners to remove nate to Valerius; but I think it not unlikely their ships to the other bank of the river. By that the mistake arose from the surname Maxiland also, the attack on the dispersed plunder-mus. The dictator, taking the field at the ers was equally successful; and the Grecians, I head of an army, in one battle utterly defeated

flying back towards their ships, were opposed in their way by the Venetians. Thus inclosed, on both sides, they were cut to pieces; and some, who were made prisoners, gave information that the fleet, with their king Cleonymus, was but three miles distant. Sending the captives into the nearest canton, to be kept under a guard, some soldiers got on board the flatbottomed vessels, so constructed for the purpose of passing the shoals with ease; others threw themselves into those which had been lately taken from the enemy, and proceeding down the river, surrounded their unwieldy ships, which dreaded the unknown sands and flats, more than they did the Romans, and which showed a greater eagerness to escape into the deep, than to make resistance. The soldiers pursued them as far as the mouth of the river; and having taken and burned a part of the fleet, which, in the hurry and confusion, had been stranded, returned victorious. Cleonymus, having met success in no part of the Adriatic sea, departed with scarce a fifth part of his navy remaining. Many, now alive, have seen the beaks of his ships, and the spoils of the Lacedæmonians hanging in the old temple of Juno. In commemoration of this event, there is exhibited at Patavium, every year, on its anniversary day, a naval combat on the river in the middle of the town.

monian, arrived on the coast of Italy, and took Thuriæ, a city in the territory of the Sallentines. Against this enemy, the consu! Emilius was sent, who, in one battle, completely defeated them, and without further opposition drove them on board their ships. Thuria was then restored to its old inhabitants, and peace re-established in the country of the Sallantines. In some annals, I find that Junius Bubulcus was sent dictator into that country, and that Cleonymus, without hazarding an engagement with the Romans, retired out of Italy. He then sailed round the promontory of Brundusium, and, steering down the middle of the Adriatic gulf, because he dreaded, on the left hand, the coasts of Italy destitute of harbours, and, on the right, the Illyrians, Liburnians, and Istrians, nations of savages, and noted in general for piracy, he passed on to the coasts of the Venetians. Here, having landed a small party to explore the country, and, being informed that a narrow beach stretched along the shore, beyond which were marshes, overflowed by the tides; that dry land was seen at no great distance, level in the nearest part, and rising behind into hills, beyond which was the mouth of a very deep river, into which they had seen ships brought round and moored in safety, (this was the river Meduacus,) he ordered his fleet to sail into it and go up against the stream. As the channel would not admit III. A treaty was this year concluded at the heavy ships, the troops, removing into the Rome with the Vestinians, who solicited lighter vessels, arrived at a part of the country, friendship. Various causes of apprehension occupied by three maritime cantons of the Pa- afterwards sprung up. News arrived, that tavians, settled on that coast. Here they made Etruria was in rebellion; the insurrection hava descent, leaving a small guard with the ships, ing arisen from the dissentions of the Arremade themselves masters of these cantons, set tians; for the Cilnian family having grown fire to the houses, drove off a considerable exorbitantly powerful, a party, out of envy of booty of men and cattle, and, allured by the their wealth, had attempted to expel them by sweets of plunder, proceeded still farther from force of arms. Accounts were also received the shore. When news of this was brought to that the Marsians held forcible possession of Patavium, where the contiguity of the Gauls the lands to which the colony of Carceoli, conkept the inhabitants constantly in arms, they sisting of four thousand men, had been sent. divided their young men into two bands, one By reason, therefore, of these commotions, of which was led towards the quarter where Marcus Valerius Maximus was nominated dicthe marauders were said to be busy; the other tator, and chose for his master of the horse, by a different route, to avoid meeting any of Marcus Æmilius Paullus. This I am inclined the pirates, towards the station of the ships, to believe, rather than that Quintus Fabius, at fifteen miles distant from the town. These at- such an age as he then was, and after enjoying tacked the small craft, and, killing the guards, many honours, was placed in a station subord:compelled the affrighted mariners to remove nate to Valerius; but I think it not unlikely their ships to the other bank of the river. By that the mistake arose from the surname Maxiland also, the attack on the dispersed plunder-mus. The dictator, taking the field at the ers was equally successful; and the Grecians, head of an army, in one battle utterly defeated