that reason, the shorter poems of Catullus and, above all, the Priapea were included in his investigation.

The main result of the work is that, though light and graceful, sometimes, even frivolous-as, indeed, it was intended to be, rather than earnest or passionate in the lyric sense-the Elegy always uses the language of poetry and avoids actual vulgarity of expression. The distinction, of course, is, by no means, a recent discovery; one may derive it, for example, from Priapea, III. Pichon, however, supports it by a complete survey of the material and also adds several other important observations. It is interesting, for example, to find that, so far as the Elegy is concerned, the ancient and conventional association of love and war is prominent only in Ovid. Perhaps we have here a trace of that rhetorical training which, as we know, exerted a strong influence upon him. But one of the best reasons for the frequency of this comparison throughout the works of Ovid is the fact that the famous Militat omnis amans', itself a piece of rhetorical pyrotechnic on this very subject, was composed by the 'imitator sui' in his early youth.

Another interesting point is Pichon's conclusion that so far as the Elegy is concerned, the stylistic detective can do little towards establishing the parentage of foundlings. But, after all, the most important part of Pichon's book is the complete index verborum amatoriorum which it contains. Every commentator on the erotic poetry of Rome will do well to have this valuable collection within reach.

3. Moriz Haupt's well-known edition of the Metamorphoses, which, thanks to Korn and H. J. Müller, has already occupied the position of a standard work for more than a generation, gains much by its recent revision (vol. II, 1898, vol. I, 1903) at the hands of such a distinguished Ovidian scholar and critic as R. Ehwald. An increase of nearly a hundred pages in the first volume alone is, in itself, one outward and visible sign of the marked progress of investigation in this author during the eighteen years which have elapsed since H. J. Müller's previous revision of the volume in 1885. The introduction, except for two or three slight revisions of statement, still remains as it was left by Haupt thirty years ago. The book was then in its fifth edition. The commentary is distinctly improved and enriched, both by revision and by the addition of new material furnished by recent studies, more especially by those which have been concerned with the sources and details of Ovid's narrative. A survey of the appendix, which is responsible for two-thirds of the increased bulk of the volume, shows how much the text itself of the Metamorphoses has been improved by one whose wise conservatism and scientific study of the manuscript tradition had already done so much for Merkel's text edition of the poet's complete works.

KIRBY FLOWER SMITH.

REPORTS.

PHILOLOGUS, LXI (N. F. Bd. XV), 1902.

I, pp. 1-25. A. v. Domaszewski: Silvanus auf lateinischen Inschriften. The inscriptions are grouped to illustrate Silvanus' functions and attributes, as god of the woods, boundaries, and herds, and as protector of the familia Caesaris. The reception of the cult in the provinces took place with some local restrictions but shows how superficially the Roman culture influenced the national type of the provinces. The history of the cult of Silvanus throws light on the origin, growth and decay of Roman life.

II, pp. 26-31. R. Wünsch: Eine antike Rachegruppe. Illustrations of a figurine with arms and feet tied, explained as a puppet used in incantations to bring similar punishment on enemies.

III, pp. 32-41. A. Leinveber: Die Legion des Livius. An attempt by a military expert to explain the much discussed Livy VIII 8 without resorting to interpolation or torturing the

text.

IV, pp. 42-70. W. Sternkopf: Noch einmal die Correctio der lex Clodia de exilio Ciceronis. The purpose of the correctio was, by a prohibition, which threatened with the severest penalty any who sheltered Cicero, to make impossible his sojourn within a certain radius of Rome.

V, pp. 71-76. C. Hentze: Der sociative Dativ mit autós in den homerischen Gedichten. Ten examples of the type αὐτοῖς ἵπποισι are discussed. The original meaning of autós with this dative was to denote a usually passing association of an object with a person or another object as continuing unchanged.

VI, pp. 77-132. P. Egenolff: Zu Lentz' Herodian II. (s. Philol., LIX [N. F. XIII], 2 S. 238 ff.)

VII, pp. 133-159. P. Koetschau: Zu Seneca's Tragoedien. Critical notes.

Miscellen.-1, p. 160. A. Müller: Ein Schauspieler Choregos. On a Delian inscr. of B. C. 270 (B. C. H. VII, p. 104 ff.-insc. V. vs. 32 ffg.; Hauvette-Besnault) the name of a comic actor, Choregos, is read in place of the appellative xopnyós.

VIII, pp. 161-192. W. Crönert: Die Adverbialen Comparativformen auf -w. E. g. Teiw. Conclusions p. 187 f.: The form in -w, instead of -wv, -ov, etc., is older than the Hellenistic time, and everything points to the usage as having originated in the New Ionic. From here it seems to have passed into the Koine. Most of the traces in the popular speech are naturally to be found in Egyptian documents. The usage practically disappears after the time of Diocletian. In the written language the form is more common in the expounders of Aristotle, while some cases can be explained palaeographically. The form was avoided by those who disliked hiatus.

IX, pp. 193-200. F. Skutsch: Zu Favorinus Eulogius und Chalcidius. Holder's new edition of Favorinus' Commentary on the Somnium Scipionis would have been better, 1) if the rhythmical clausulae had been used as a tool in the text-criticism; 2) if Chalcidius' Commentary on the Timaeus followed by Fav. had been used in the text criticism; 3) if note had been taken of the errors which have arisen from an incorrect resolution of the numeral signs in the MSS.

X, pp. 201-244. A. Mommsen: Neuere Schriften über die attische Zeitrechnung. Review of several books with a résumé of the chief results on pp. 242-4.

XI, pp. 245-251. O. Hoffmann: Zur thessalischen SotairosInschrift. The first line of the inscr. (in Athen. Mitt. 1896. tab. VII) is really a continuation of the last line-a phenomenon occurring on other inscriptions.

XII, pp. 252-265. A. Deissmann: Die Rachgebete von Rheneia. These inscriptions of Jewish origin, from the end of the second to the beginning of the first cent. B. C., constitute an important original document for the existence and use of the Septuagint in ancient times. They are only a few years later than the celebrated testimony of the prologue of Sirach.

XIII, pp. 266-270. Karl Praechter: Ein verkanntes Fragment des angeblichen Pythagoreers Okellos. Stob. flor. 9. 51 H (9. 54 M) is ascribed to Okellos not " Ekpolos."

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XIV, pp. 271-291. R. Helm: Vergils zehnte Ecloge. A reply to the views of Fr. Skutsch: "Aus Vergils Frühzeit", (Leipzig, 1901.) s. 2 ff. According to Skutsch, there are numerous contradictions in the poem, which he says is full of disconnected thought, which can only find explanation on the supposition that Vergil took over motives and verses from the elegies of Cornelius or from his hitherto unknown Bucolics. One might be tempted following Sk. to try to discover the fragments of such poems. Acc. to Sk. the eclogue lacks 'historical progression and a psychological development' and is a sort of catalogue, a mere

enumeration of incidents. persons and things of a like kind— Helm shows that there is the progression and development denied by Sk. and finally avows his opinion that Ecl. X is the best of all!

XV, pp. 292-310. A. Klotz: Ad Statii Achilleida symbolae criticae establishes by new examples the authority of Cod. Puteanus (Paris. 8051) which he had discussed in more detail in the preface to his recent edition of the Achilleis.

Miscellen.-2, pp. 311-2. E. Nestle: Zu Philo. de Somniis

II 44.

3, pp. 312-3. A. Müller: Goethe und Epicharm. Compares in one of the poems grouped under 'Epigrammatisch' 'Hand wird nur von Hand gewaschen' etc.. with Epicharm. fr. 118 Ahr. ὁ δὲ χεὶρ τὴν χεῖρα νίζει· δός τι καὶ λάβοις τί κα.

4, pp. 313-317. G. Ries: Zu Propertius V. I. I. Reads quo in vs. 9. 2. In vs. 31 reads with Cod. Neap. Soloni for coloni. 5, pp. 317-320. M. Manitius: Scholien zu Lucan aus einer Dresdener Handschrift (cod. Dresd. Dc 148 saec. XII).

XVI, pp. 321-355. C. Hentze : Die Formen der Begrüssung in den homerischen Gedichten. Deals chiefly with the gestures. 1. List of verbs meaning to welcome' 'to greet' with an inquiry as to whether the fundamental meaning is some movement of the body, which signifies a greeting, or whether this verb has acquired the meaning through certain modifiers. 2. Examination of the actions used as forms of greeting: grasping the right hand, pressing the right hand with a powerful clutch, stroking with the hand, kiss and embrace. The first and last were the commonest.

XVII, pp. 356-373. O. Schroeder: Pindarica, (cont'd from Vol. LVI (1897) 78 ffg.) IV Pindar und Hieron. Dates Hieron's illness in 474 B. C., and Pyth. II, III, I in 475? 474? 470 respectively.

XVIII, pp. 374-440. J. Fürst: Untersuchungen zur Ephemeris des Diktys von Kreta. Continuation VII. Die Personalbeschreibungen im Diktysberichte. Collects from the whole Greek and Roman literatures, examples of similar catalogue-like descriptions of personal appearances. Thinks they must have been influenced somewhat, but not exclusively by the terminology of medicine and art-criticism.

XIX, pp. 441-446. A. Milchhöfer: Nachträgliche Betrachtungen über die drei Athenaheiligthümer auf der Akropolis von Athen. Opisthodomos' must refer to a separate building behind the old Athena temple, i. e. west of the Erechtheion.

XX, pp. 447-454. K. Zacher: Herwerdens Aristophanescollationen. They are inadequate and cannot be relied on.

XXI, pp. 455-472. M. Manitius: Zu römischen Schriftstellern im Mittelalter. Supplemental to his essays on Das Fortleben römischer Dichter und Prosaiker im Mittelalter' based on the edd. in the Monumenta Germaniae Historica, of epistolary and controversial literature of ecclesiastical and political contents. Notes on_Terence, Caesar, Lucretius, Catullus, Horace, Justin, Persius, Elder Pliny, Lucan, Juvenal, Homerus Latinus', Solinus, Lactantius, Younger Pliny.

Miscellen.-6, pp. 473-476. W. Osiander: Zur Chronologie des Hannibalzugs. Brief justification of his views crit. by Luterbacher in Philol., 1901, 307 ffg. on the five months' march from New Carthage to the Po valley. II. The fifteen days' march through the Alps.

7, pp. 476-478. A. Becker: Julius Firmicus Maternus und Pseudo-Quintilian. Parallels show that F. used Ps.-Q. We get a new testimony to the age of the Declamations: 337 A. D. is a new terminus ante quem for the time of the production of the greater Ps.-Quint. declamations.

8, pp. 478-479. A. Frederking: Zu Tacitus Germania. In c. II auctoritas suadendi=Vollmacht, Befugnis zum Raten, cf. Cic. in Verr. II, 49, 121. In 17 advocates superiorem for superioris. In 22 takes ratio in an objective sense=Art, Beschaffenheit, Natur.

9, PP. 479-480. P. D. Ch. Hennings: Zu Caesar de bello Gallico VIII, 43, 5 reads tantamque id attulit.

XXII, pp. 481-502. C. Mutzbauer: Die Entwicklung des sogenannten Irrealis bei Homer. Summary on pp. 500-2. The language of Homer was nowhere able to give a forcible expression to the idea of "irreality" and the later Greek had succeeded no better.

XXIII, pp. 503-512. C. Fries: Symbola metrica. The similarities of the eleven syllable Sapphic and the Trishṭubh of the Vedas and the so-called later classical literature of India, and the eleven syllable verse in the Gâthas of the older Avesta might lead one to suppose that the popular rhythms, which the Lesbians took up and perfected were of Asiatic origin. Further light yet may be shed on classical metric by the results of special studies in the verse of Anam, China, and Japan, just as H. Zimmern recently showed that the Babylonians used a verse with four

arses.

XXIV, pp. 513-527. W. H. Roscher: Gehörte das E zu den delphischen Sprüchen? Against C. Robert (Hermes XXXVI, 1891, p. 490) Roscher maintains that if his own evidence and conclusions are not impaired, we are driven to believe the E a genuine Δελφικόν γράμμα, which stands for a significant word, el.