Dedication.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION-A Question. An Insinuation. A Premise.

FIRST PART

I. The beginning of Austria's military violence in Italy.

The stoning of the boy Balilla (1746). .

II. The dismembering and repartition of Italy in 1815.

The "lion's share" to Austria. The Carbonari.

III. The Revolutions in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies

in 1820. Austria, with the brutal force of her soldiery,

imposes the tyranny of the Bourbons on the Italian

patriots who are fighting for liberty. Persecutions and

condemnations (1821)..

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IV. The Revolution of Piedmont in 1821. Austria, with

the brutal force of her soldiery, imposes the tyranny of

the house of Savoy on the patriots who were fighting for

liberty. Persecutions and condemnations.

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V. Austria, with the brutal force of her soldiery, imposes

her own tyranny on the patriots of Lombardo-Veneto,

who are fighting for liberty. Persecutions and condem-

nations (1820-1821).

VI. The Revolutions of the Duchies of Modena and Reggio

and in the Roman State (1831). Austria, with the brutal

force of her soldiery, imposes the tyranny of one of her

princes and the tyranny of the Pope on the Italian pa-

triots who are fighting for liberty. Persecutions and con-

demnations..

VII. A new national conscience is formed by the forceful

teachings of Mazzini, Gioberti, and other great Italians,

impelling the people to thought and action. The tyrants,

both big and little, are obliged to concede the benefits of

liberty to the oppressed people. Only Austria, despising

and challenging them, continues to oppress the Italians

of Lombardo-Veneto.

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VIII. The Revolutions of 1848 in Italy. Milan rises up

against Austrian tyranny and fights epically for five

days. The troops of Field Marshal Radetzky (20,000

men, infantry and cavalry, with sixty field cannon)

slaughter the innocents; burn alive men, women and chil-

dren; nail nursing babes to the walls of houses; they string

infants on stacked bayonets and carry them around as

trophies; outrage women, kill them, cut off and put in

their pockets the ringed hands from the dead bodies; rob,

pollute, massacre, burn; commit numberless and un-

speakable crimes. And the Milanese - heroic and vic-

torious - respond with civil generosity for the evil

which they had received. Venice also rises up, drives

out the Austrian oppressors, and re-establishes the an-

cient Republic of St. Mark.

IX. The Hymn of Mameli. The first War of Liberation -

The Italians are defeated because of the defection of

Pope Pius IX and of the Bourbon King of the Two Sicilies.

The Austrians are again rulers of Lombardy (1848).

X. The Austrian soldiers re-enter Milan, giving them-

selves up to rapine and vandalism. Field Marshal Ra-

detzky extorts the extraordinary tax of 20,000,000 lire

from 185 "noble and prominent citizens" (1848).

XI. The insurrection at Rome. The Papal Prime Min-

ister Pellegrino Rossi is killed. Pius IX flees in the night

to Gaeta. The Roman Republic is proclaimed with Maz-

zini, Saffi, and Armellini at the head. The second War

of Liberation against Austria. The Italians are defeated

because of their commanders. Carlo Alberto is obliged to

abdicate in favor of his son Victor Emanuel. The Aus-

trians, emboldened, extend their tyranny to Piedmont

(1849).

XII. The "Lioness of Italy." At Brescia the Austrian

soldiers "throw the heads of infants, torn from their

bodies, the arms of women and children, and burned

human flesh on the barricades of the citizens as if they

were throwing the remnants of a dinner to dogs, and com-

mit other unbelievable villainies." The tragic revenge

of a young Brescian who was burned alive (1849).

XIII. The Austrian soldiers in Tuscany in Bologna, and in

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Ancona. The tyrants crush the Roman Republic, which

had been so gloriously ruled by Mazzini and defended by

Garibaldi, and re-establish the temporal power of the

Popes (1849). .

XIV. The Austrian soldiers pursue Garibaldi and Anita

(the loved consort of the Hero) who is pregnant. The

sad ending of the heroine, who is buried nude! "The

abandoned wandering dog" (1849)..

XV. The Austrians besiege and bombard Venice, continu-

ously, for three months. Field Marshal Radetzky apes

Nero. The Queen of the Adriatic Sea is obliged to sur-

render, because of famine and cholera more than because

of the army of the enemy. The elegy of the poet

(1849).'

XVI. Field Marshal Radetzky and his graceless officers

celebrate the birthday of their Emperor (Francis Joseph)

in Milan by hectoring the unarmed people, brutally

charging upon them with cavalry and infantry, beating

patriots and whipping the young boys and girls on their

bare backs (1849).

XVII. "The Emperor of Hangmen" (1851-1853).

XVIII. The Bersaglieri in the Crimean War (1855). Cavour

at the Congress of Paris (1856). The Alliance with

Napoleon III (1858). The memorable words of Victor

Emanuel II at the opening of the Sub-Alpine Parlia-

ment. Austria's ultimatum to Piedmont. The Hymn

of Garibadli. The Austrian soldiers massacre the family

of Cignoli. The papal soldiers massacre the patriots of

Perugia. Pius IX and Cardinal Pecci (later Pope Leo

XIII) praise the assassination. The third War of Libera-

tion won by the Italians with the aid of the French

(1859). .

XIX. Garibaldi and The Thousand gloriously conquer the

Two Sicilies (1860). Proclamation of the Kingdom of

Italy (1861). The Fourth War of Liberation against

Austria is lost owing to the inefficiency of commanders.

The annexation of Veneto (1866). Villa Glori. The hired

soldiers of Pius IX massacre the Roman heroine Giuditta

Arquati-Tavani with her husband and son. Mentana

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(1867). The taking of Rome and the final fall of the

temporal power of the Popes (1870). The Nation one

and independent.

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SECOND PART

I. How ancient Rome, during the Republic and also dur-

ing the Empire, conquered and latinized Friuli, Istria,

Trieste, Trentino, Trent and Dalmatia and how she made

of the Adriatic Sea a great Roman Lake. "The Tavola

Clesiana."

II. The barbarian invasion into Italy. Attila, flagellum

Dei, destroys (452 A. D.) the beautiful city of Acquileia,

founded by the Romans in 181-182 B. C. In a mass

meeting, presided over by the Emperor Charlemagne,

the Italians of Istria protest against the Slavic immi-

gration (804 A. D.). The Republic of the Doges liberates

the Adriatic sea from foreign pirates. The marriage of

Venice with the sea. The spontaneous submission of

Dalmatia (999 A. D.) after eight centuries of fidelity.

The "honorable burial" of the standard of St. Mark.

III. The Communes. Frederick Barbarossa, Emperor of

Germany, descends upon Italy (1154) massacres, sacks

and burns; captures the celebrated reformer, Arnold

of Brescia, and delivers him into the hands of Adrian IV,

who burns him alive. The subservient Diet of Roncaglia,

Milan, Crema and Piacenza rebels. Barbarossa takes a

frightful revenge, besieges the smallest town, Crema.

But not being able to conquer by force of arms, he takes

children of Crema and Milan whom he holds in hostage,

ties them to movable wooden towers and exposes them

to the shots of the besieged citizens. Love of Country

overcomes paternal love in the Italians. The destruction

of Crema and Milan. The Veronese League. An ener-

getic Pope. The Lombardian League. The Archbishop

Cristiano of Magonza, plenipotentiary of Barbarossa in

Italy, besieges Ancona and forces the citizens to eat net-

tles and leather. The heroism of the women. The union

of the communes produces the epopee. The Carrocio.

The Company of Death. Barbarossa is defeated by the

Italians at Legnano (1176). He is defeated also on the

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sea by the combined fleets of Venice and Trieste. He

suffers the humiliation of kissing the foot of his enemy

(Pope Alexander III). He sues for peace and leaves

Italy forever without having put it under the yoke. . . 104

IV. The struggle of the Triestians for their municipal

independence and for the maintenance of their Itali-

anity from the Peace of Constance (1183). Against the

Bishop-barons (1295 to 1349). Against Venice (1368

to 1381). "The surrender" to Austria (1382). The

Anti-Austrian party, its rebellions and martyrology.

"The pride of their Roman heritage." Triestine history

from Fifteenth to Eighteenth Century.

V. The struggle for Italianity sustained with perseverance

by the Triestians, Istrians, Dalmatians and Trentini

against Austria, from the time of the treaty of Vienna

1815, until the Italian revolutions of 1848.

VI. The Trentini, the Triestians, the Istrians and the Dal-

matians battle for the Roman Republic, which is under

the leadership of the Triumvirate Mazzini, Saffi and

Armellini, and is defended by Garibaldi against the Pope,

and for the Republic of Venice which is led by Manin and

Tommaséo and is defended by General Guglielmo Pepe

against Austria (1849).

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VII. The Trentini, Triestians, Istrians and Dalmatians in

defense of their Italianity from 1850 to 1858. Their

filial contribution of blood to the Second War of Libera-

tion of Italy against Austria (1859).

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VIII. The Trentini, the Triestians, the Istrians in the cam-

paign of The Thousand. Their filial contribution of

blood during the entire War for the Liberation of Southern

and Central Italy (1860). The fierce reaction of the

Austrians. The sums of money gathered from the Istrians

for the national cause. The Triestian women present an

Italian flag to Garibaldi (1860)..

IX. The struggle for Italianity, sustained with indomitable

pride by the Trentini, Triestians, Istrians, and Dalma-

tians against Austria from 1861 to 1865.

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X. The filial contribution of blood by the Trentini, the

Triestians, the Istrians and Dalmatians, who battle for