21-23: New York State Teachers' Association, Buffalo, N. Y. President, John De Camp, Utica.

December

27-30: Pennsylvania State EducaExecution Association, Altoona, Pa. tive Secretary, James H. Kelley, 10 South Market Square, Harrisburg, Pa.

28-30: Modern Language Association of America. Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md.

28-30: Central Division, ibid., State University of Iowa, Iowa City.

English Grammar
Tuesday, June 14, 1921.

1. Use correctly in a sentence each of the following words or groups of words: (a) between, (b) not only-but also, (c) whom, (d) themselves (reflexive), (e) it's, (f) as (relative pronoun), (g) but (preposition).

c Give the syntax of each italicized word.

d Give the syntax of each of six phrases. [Do not choose verb phrases.]

Ans. a Will forget, are treated, has given, makes, may be transported and can be found are verbs of subordinate clauses. I, necessity, farm and visits are subjects of principal clauses. b Whether populations will forget, noun clause, object of wonder. Which are treated, adjective clause, modifies foodstuffs. Before the sun has given, adverbial clause, modifies picking; they may be transported, adverbial clause modifies

I wonder sometimes whether our city populations will not in course of time forget the natural taste of food. The flavor and quality of many or nearly all our foodstuffs which are treated with preservatives are often entirely changed or lost. Again, the necessity for picking fruits before the sun has given them the last touch of sweetness which makes them wholly palatable, so that they may be safely transported long distances, deprives the city dweller of the enjoyment even of the natural fruits of the earth in their finest perfection.

When winter drives us back cityward, the farm does not forget us, but sends us milk, cream, butter, eggs and hams which are more delicious than anything that can be found elsewhere; and our week end visits to the farm, to enjoy the pleasures of the winter countryside, are looked forward to through the busy week with honest enjoyment.

a Select and label the verb of each of six subordinate clauses and the subject of each of four principal clauses.

b Give the syntax of one noun clause, one adjective clause and three adverbial clauses.

modifies (does) forget. c Our modifies population, them indirect object of (has) given, palatable is an objective complement after makes, distances is an adverbial objective modifying (may be) transported, cityward, adverb, modifies drives. d In course modifies (will) forget, of food modifies taste, with preserves modifies (are) treated, of sweetness modifies touch, of the earth modifies fruits, to the farms modifies visits.

3. Answer both a and b:

a Use the past participles, with or without auxiliaries, of the following verbs, each in a sentence; underline the past participle in each sentence: awake, eat, burst, lay, sit, swing, arise, fly, lend, shine.

b Illustrate in a single sentence (1) the use of a coordinate conjunction, (2) the use of a subordinate conjunction expressing cause or concession.

Ans. a The horn has awaked the echoes, he has eaten his dinner, the water had burst its barriers, the book was laid on the table, he has sat there an hour, the boy had swung till he was dizzy, he has arisen from the chair, the bird had flown from the nest, she has

lent her pencil, the sun has shone all day. b Though I am weak with hunger, I desire to guide and assist you.

4. Illustrate, using a sentence for each, five of the following, labeling and underlining each illustration: an expletive, an idiom, ellipsis, a restrictive relative pronoun, a copulative verb, a retained object, an objective complement, a noun used adverbially.

Ans. Expletive: There are no idlers here. Restrictive relative pronoun: Water that is polluted should not be used. A copula: He is a good boy. Objective complement: They elected him chairman. Adverbial use of a noun : He walked four miles.

5. Give the syntax of each of five verbals (participles and gerunds) in the following sentence:

Hers was one of those sweet, aged faces often seen among the Quakers, filled with repose and breathing a benediction upon all around, which showed that she was used to being alone and to spending whole days without uttering a word.

Ans. Aged modifies faces, seen modifies faces, filled modified faces, spending is object of to, uttering is object of without.

6. From the words in parenthesis in each of the following sentences, choose the correct one and rewrite the sentence with that word inserted; defend your choice in each case:

a If I fail in this examination (shall, will) I be allowed to take it over again next January?

b Professors and clergymen may be your dupes; but (we, us) practical lawyers you can not deceive by your schemes and falsehoods.

c Good English no less than good manners (is, are) necessary for any boy or girl who aspires to success in life today.

d The boy as well as his friends had

(his, their) plans made for the holiday.

e The situation in which he found himself after the accident was entirely different (than, from) what he expected it to be.

f The weak point in the team that played our school last Saturday (were, was) the outfielders.

Ans. a Use shall. All questions in the first person require shall instead of will. b Use us, since it is the object of (can) deceive. c Use is to agree with its subject English. d Use his to agree with its antecedent boy. e Use from. Different is followed by from. f Use was to agree with its subject point.

Geography

Wednesday, June 15, 1921.

1. Draw an outline map of North America and on this map locate, with names, (a) one large lake, (b) two large rivers, (c) the capital cities of two governments (not states).

Answers will differ. One acceptable answer would locate (a) Lake Superior, (b) Mississippi and McKenzie rivers, (c) Washington, D. C., and Ottawa.

2. Name and locate four cities in the United States each of which has grown to a large size because of one of the following reasons: (a) good lake port, (b) fine ocean harbor, (c) water power, (d) nearness to deposits of gold and silver, (e) nearness to region producing sugar cane, (f) location at junction of two important rivers.

Ans. Answers will differ. One acceptable answer would locate (a) Buffalo. (b) New York City (c) Niagara Falls, (d) Denver, (e) New Orleans, (f) Pittsburg.

3. What and where is each of five of the following: Madagascar, Alberta, Nile, Czechoslovakia, Fujiyama, Havre, Fiume?

Ans. Madagascar is an island south

east of Africa in Indian Ocean, Alberta is a province in southwestern Canada, Nile is a river rising in east central Africa and flowing north into the Mediterranean Sea, Havre is a seaport of France located at the mouth of the Seine, Fiume is a city on the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea.

4. Name in order the different bodies of water through which a ship would pass in going from Naples to the Dutch port of Amsterdam.

Ans. Bay of Naples, Mediterranean Sea, Strait of Gibraltar, Atlantic Sea, English Channel, Strait of Dover, North Sea.

5. Describe the difference in climate

between Oregon and Maine. Give a reason for the difference.

Ans. Oregon has a more equiable and warmer temperature than Maine. The annual rainfall is much greater in Oregon.

These differences are due to the westerly winds bringing heat and moisture from the warm climate of the Pacific and condensing the moisture on the cool coast ranges of Oregon. The climate of Maine is due in a great measure to the cool winds from over the cold Labrador current.

6. On what dates are days and nights most nearly equal in New York State? Why do they not remain of equal length?

The

Ans. June 21 and Sept. 21. change in length is due to the inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of its orbit, the revolution of the earth around the sun and the unvarying inclination of the earth's axis to itself.

7. Compare North America with South America as to (a) general position and direction of high lands, (b) position of greatest plains, (c) regularity of coast line, (d) number of lakes.

Ans. (a) Approximately the same, (b) they extend north and south in the

central part of North America and in the eastern part of South America, (c) South America has the most regular coast line and (d) the least number of lakes.

8. Give the meaning of each of four of the following statements: (a) a place is 20 north latitude and 65° west longitude, (b) a river is navigable, (c) a place has an altitude or elevation of 1000 feet, (d) a region is well adapted to agriculture, (e) the "sun rises," (f) the rainfall of a place is 34 inches.

Ans. (a) The place is 20° north of the equator measured on a meridian circle and 65° west of Greenwich, measured on a parallel of latitude, (b) a navigable river is one that may be or is capable of being used for transporting goods or persons by usual methods, (c) the place is 1000 ft. above sea level, (d) the place is well adapted for the cultivation and growing of crops.

9. Write five of the following in a column and after each write the name of a product that is exported from it in large quantities: China, Mexico, Argentina, Australia, Spain, Denmark, Peru, Newfoundland.

Ans. China, tea; Mexico, petroleum products; Argentina, wheat and hides; Australia, wool; Spain, wine.

10. Give two reasons why Great Britain is so important commercially.

Ans. It has numerous colonies and a large merchant marine. It is a manufacturing country and must market its goods and obtain supplies of raw material for its factories.

11. Make a list of five of the following products and name a state noted for the production of each of the five selected: cotton, petroleum, copper, lumber, tobacco, corn, shoes, automobiles.

Ans. Cotton, Texas; petroleum, Oklahoma; copper, Michigan; lumber, Washington; tobacco, Kentucky.

12. Write a paragraph on the govern

ment, industries and general progress of Argentina.

Ans. Argentina is a republic and next to Brazil is the largest and richest country of South America. The industries are wheat and corn raising and the rearing of cattle and sheep for meat products. It has more railroads than any other country of South America and is making great progress in civilization.

13. Draw an outline map of New York State. On this map locate, with names, Albany, Syracuse, Binghamton, Plattsburg, Watertown.

Ans. See textbook for outline. Locate Albany on the Hudson River about 150 miles north of New York City; Syracuse in central part about 150 miles west of Albany; Binghamton in the southern part; Plattsburg in northeast part and Watertown at eastern end of Lake Ontario near mouth of Black river.

14. Mention a product of each of two of the following regions, giving a fact or facts to account for each product: northern New York, southern shore of Lake Ontario, Long Island, Chautauqua county.

Ans. Northern New York products are ores and wood pulp, owing to its rough and mountainous surface; the southern shore of Lake Ontario produces apples, pears and peaches owing to the influence of the lake in modify ing the temperature.

15. Name four rivers of New York State, telling in what direction and into what body of water each flows.

Ans. Genesee river rises near the Pennsylvania boundary and flows north into Lake Ontario, the Hudson river rises in northeastern part and flows southerly into New York Bay, Mohawk river rises in central New York and flows easterly into Hudson river, the Black river rises north of central part of the state and flows into Lake Ontario.

16. Write a paragraph on the natural beauties of New York State.

Ans. New York State is noted for its natural beauties as seen on the Hudson river, the Catskills, the Adirondacks, Lake George, Watkins Glen, the St. Lawrence river and Niagara Falls.

17. The Cambria Steel Co. owns mines of rich iron ore in the Mesaba range of northern Minnesota. It manufactures this iron ore into steel at Johnstown near Pittsburgh, Pa. Suggest an explanation for this fact.

Ans. There is no coal to smelt the ore in Minnesota. Therefore, it is cheaper to transport the ore in barges on the Great Lakes to the coal regions of Pennsylvania than to transport the coal to the ore mines.

18. Although Wyoming has excellent pasturage and raises many cattle, it does not market nearly so much milk as does the State of New York. Give a good reason for this fact.

Ans. Wyoming lacks densely populated cities, hence there is a small demand for milk, while New York has large populous cities neighboring to the dairy regions from which the milk can be transported quickly before it sours.

19. Name a continent to which a hunter would go who wanted to get a number of large wild animals for a menagerie. Mention two conditions that have been favorable to animal life in that continent.

Ans. Africa. Warm climate and vast uninhabited regions.

20. Write a paragraph setting forth some of the attractions in the city of Washington that would induce you to take an excursion trip to that city.

Ans. Washington is the most beautiful city in the United States, having broad avenues bordered with trees and many fine government buildings as the Capitol, the Library of Congress, the Treasury Building and many large government buildings.