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Janus-digitis ita figuratis ut trecentorum quinquaginta quinque dierum nota, per significationem anni, temporis et ævi se deum indicaret.1

10. What was the primitive coinage of the Romans, and from what nation derived? Explain 'Nummi scortei,' 'Nummi fictiles.' What author mentions their use at Rome? Give the dates of the first coinage there of silver and of gold, and the denominations of the pieces. Explain 'Bigati,' 'Serrati.'

The lowest rate of interest known under the Empire was 'Trientis usura ;' give this in modern terms.

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'Duobus scyphis H.S |XII. | æstimatis,'—'Pytheas, cujus duæ unciæ X. X. venierunt.' ?

'Conturbabit Atlas et non erit uncia tota:

Tecum ut decidat non habet aula Jovis.'

II. Translate

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ἀπέφθου χρυσοῦ τέσσαρα, τρία ἡμιτάλαντα ἕκαστον ἕλκονταλέων ἕλκων σταθμὸν ἕβδομον ἡμιτάλαντον, ἀπετάκη γὰρ αὐτοῦ τέταρτον ἡμιτάλαντον. 4

12. Derive δραχμή, ὀβολος, Πυγμαῖοι, εκπλεθρος δρόμος :

See

1 See Donalds. Gk. Gr. § 253, Obs. 4. It is found, among other monuments, on the Arundel marbles, and dates, according to some authorities, from the time of Solon (B.C. 594). It is impossible, from any existing records or monuments, to fix the date of the origin of Gk. arithmetical notation.' -*Peacock, § 42. The later system was, in origin, Phoenician or Hebrew. Donalds. Gk. Gr. § 16; New Crat. §§ 153 seqq. By em., considered as a technical numerical term, is meant 'the indicating letter:' thus én. Baû was the name given to the character which supplied the place in the Gk. alphabet of the Hebrew Vau. (Peacock, § 44.) For the R. notation, see Varron. ch. 7, § 7. *Dean Peacock's Treatise on Arith. in the Encycl. Metrop., 1829, to which the student is referred, as also to Girdlestone's Arith. § 13.

The passage is from Pliny, H. N. xxxiv. 16 (ed. Tauchn.) See Dicty. of Biogy. s. v. Fanus.

2 N. Scortei, n. fictiles, are coins of leather and earthenware respectively. They are mentioned by S. Jerome, who says of Numa, 'Capitolium quoque a fundamentis ædificavit, et congiarium dedit asses ligneos et scorteos.' Hieron. Chron. sub anno MCCC. (Opera. viii. p. 426, ed. Vallarsi.)

The dates are 269 and 207 B.C. See Dict. Ant. s. v. Denarius.-Triens=4 per cent. per annum.-H.S. XII=12,000 sesterces. For this and the following, see Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 55, but the readings vary: X. X. appears to be 10,000 denarii. See ante, page 114.

3 Mart. ix. 3.

4 Hdt. i. 50.

cœlum, cœna, convicium, infitias ire, extemplo, incitega, sigillum, immanis, segnis, securus, silicernium, simplex, Manius, Scipio, Thorius Furius, Agrippa, Cocles, Mancinus.

Give the exact sense of candor, simplicitas, vanitas, urbanitas.1

[Trinity College Scholarships, 1866.]

LVII.

I. What does Cicero mean by ὕστερον πρότερον Ομηρικώς ? Describe briefly the adventures of Ulysses after leaving Troy till he arrived in Phæacia.

What appear to have been Homer's notions of Geography? Mention any words used in different senses in the Iliad and Odyssey, or any other apparent discrepancies.*

2. What is known of the historians Berosus, Menander, and Manetho? Have any of their works been preserved, and in what form?

1 Convicium, from con, vox. Incitega is a corruption of ἀγγοθήκη, or ἐγγυθήκη. See Dict. Ant. s. v.-Immanis is said to be the opp. of Manis, good, from which we have Di Manes. See Dict. Ant. s. vv. Mana, Manes.—Silicernium, see Parry on Ter. Ad. iv. 2. 48.—Manius is said to be derived from mane, and one born in the morning.-Scipio, from σкíñwv, a staff -Lat. scipio. (Liv. v. 41. 7.) The name is said to have been given to a Cornelius because he served as a staff in directing a blind father (patrem pro baculo regebat,Macrob. Sat. i. 6, ad fin.) Munro on Lucr. iii. 1034.

In Thorius Furius the latter name is a kind of translation of the former, which is from Ooúpios, fierce.

Agrippa is said, by Plin. H. N. vii. 6, to be from ægrè partus; the name is applied to a birth at which the child is presented with feet foremost, and, therefore, given birth to with difficulty.

Cocles, connected with oculus. Donalds. New Crat. § 154, derives from cæculus. Mancinus, connected with mancus, which is, properly, one maimed in, or who has lost, a hand. Juv. iii. 48.

Candor pure bright whiteness, especially produced by excessive heat: hence in our sense of refined uprightness.

Simplicitas single-heartedness, with no duplicity in the character.

Vanitas unsubstantialness in any way. Urbanitas 'city-mannerism,' whether in a good or bad sense: most commonly in the former.

2 See ad Att. i. 16. 1. The allusion appears to be to Homer's passing at once in medias res, and introducing explanatory details after the subject had begun. See, e.g., Iliad i.

On Homer generally, see Grote's Greece, ch. 16; Mure's Literature of Greece; Hay. man's Odyssey, vol. i., Introduction.

Trace the influence of Alexander's conquests, and especially the founding of Alexandria, on the language and literature of the world. What was the literary rival of Alexandria? Describe the introduction and progress of the study of the Greek language at Rome.1

3. What light has been thrown on Babylonian history by modern discoveries?

What is known of their system of calculation, and of their weights and measures?

Derive μνα, κάδος, βίκος.

4. Who were the Stairnraí at Athens, and how appointed ? Distinguish δίκαι and γραφαί. Explain γραφαί ἀπροστασίου, ἐπιτροπῆς, ἐξούλης, and the phrases τὴν μὴ οὖσαν ἀντιλαχεῖν, ὑπωμοσία, διωμοσία, παράστασις.5

5. Translate, explaining the construction, and illustrating by parallel passages :

1 Berosus lived in the reign of Antiochus II. (B.C. 261-246). Fragments of his work Xaλdaïká are preserved in Josephus, Eusebius, and elsewhere. See Donalds. Lit. Gr. i. 329.

The date of Menander of Ephesus, or Pergamus, is quite uncertain (Donalds. Lit. Gr. i. 330): fragments are found in Josephus.

Manětho lived in the reigns of Pt. the son of Lagus, and Pt. Philadelphus: he was an E. priest, and was the first to give in Gk, an account of the doctrines, history, etc., of his native country. His great work was an E. history in three books: fragments in Josephus. (Donalds. Lit. Gr. i. 326.)

For some account of Alexandria, see Donalds. Lit. Gr. i. 256 seqq. The literary rival city was Pergamus, famous for its parchment copies, as A. was for those on papyrus.

2 See Dicty. of Geogy. s. vv. Babylon, Babylonia; Dict. Ant. s. vv. Pondera, Mensura. Mvâ, from Hebrew maneh= weight, and containing the same root as moneta, money.

κάδος, from same root as χανδάνειν, το contain.

Bikos, oriental word for ribos, a wine-jar.

8 The 8. were of two kinds, (1.) public, (2.) private, and were persons to whom the decision of disputed points was referred, in preference to their being taken into court. The public 8. were, most likely, appointed by the several tribes: the private by mutual agreement between the contending parties.

4 Δίκη, a private suit or action : γραφή, 2 public indictment.

5 y. amp. was when a resident alien at A. did not choose а πроστάтηs оr patron from among the citizens. See Dem. c. Lacrit. 940; and cf. Soph. O. R. 411: WσT' JÚ Κρέοντος προστάτου γεγράψομαι. γ. ἐξ. (τ.) actio rei judicata, for contempt of court. (2.) a. unde vi, brought by a person violently ejected from his property.—ǹv un οὖσαν (δίαιταν sc.) άντιλ. ==to get a decision of a diarηrns set aside as false or groundless.-πшμ.an application for delay on affidavit.-diwμ. an oath taken by both parties at the áváкpious, or preliminary examination before an archon as to whether an action would lie.-Tap. was a small deposit by way of court-fee: also used of the drachma paid as a fee to the διαιτητής.

E

CESITY

δ. ἀλλ' οὐκ ἐπ' ἀῤῥήτοις γε τοῖς ἐμοῖς λόγοις.

ε. ὅρα μὴ οὐχ οὕτω ταῦτ ̓ ἔχει.

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α. ἔπειτα περὶ τῶν μεγίστων κινδυνεύοντας δεξάμενοι ὡς

ἂν μάλιστα μετὰ ἀειμνήστου μαρτυρίου τὴν χάριν κατάθησθε (al. καταθεῖσθε).

Which do you prefer? Discuss the question of the use of av with future.

ε. ὁ μὴ ῥηθεὶς λόγος αἰτίαν ἂν παράσχοι ὡς, εἰ ἐλέχθη, σωτήριος ἂν ἦν.

f. ἐκεῖνον τὸν νεανίσκον τὸν δανείσαντα ἐξηπάτησαν ὡς ἐπ' ἐλευθέροις τοῖς χρήμασι δανειζόμενοι."

What is meant by a tertiary predicate?'

1 Soph. Ed. Tyr. 12. See Jelf, Gk. Gr. § 750.3 ; Donalds. Gk. Gr. § 529, Obs. I, § 530, Obs. 603; Journal of C. and S. Phi

lology, vol. i. 309.

In the last-named authority, the usage is said to be epexegetic, and with reference to a suppressed protasis, the author stating that some idea like μὴ θέλων is to be supplied from ὡς θέλοντος ἂν in the preceding line: he would translate, 'As I should be devoid of pity, if I were not to be willing, that is to say, if,' etc. He compares v. 220: οὐ γὰρ ἂν μακρὰν ἴχνευον αὐτὸς μὴ οὐκ έχων τι σύμβολον, and O. C. 36o. The ordinary explanation is, that uǹ où is used after a negative notion, or a phrase equivalent to a negative notion, where, in Latin, quin with subj. would be used. The passage, v. 12, is=to τὸ μὴ δυσάλγητον εἶναι κωλύει μὴ οὐ κατοικτείρειν, and v. 221 may be resolved in a similar way. Cf. Xen. An. ii. 3. 11: ὥστε πᾶσιν αἰσχύνην εἶναι μὴ οὐ συσπουδάζειν.

2 Antig. 556. See L. and S. s. v. èπí, B. i. g, and Donalds. in loc.

3 Plato. See Jelf, Gk. Gr. § 814.

4 Thucyd. i. 33. I. The following version is taken almost verbatim from the Guar dian for Sept. 16, 1868, p. 1048. 'By receiving as your allies men whose highest interests are at stake, you would invest

your favour to the best advantage, with an acknowledgment of the debt which time can never cancel.' κατ. is a metaphor from banking. The reading καταθεῖσθε is preferable. See Jelf, Gk. Gr. § 870, Obs. 4; for av with fut. ind., ib. § 424, 8; Donalds. Gk. Gr. § 505.

5 Thucyd. iii. 53. 3. Donalds. Gk. Gr. § 502 (δ. αα).

6 Dem. 930. 13. Donalds. Gk. Gr. § 496. The best example for showing the contrast between the active and middle voices is the epigram (Anth. P. ix. 13) on a blind man, who could walk, carrying a lame man who could see; πόδας χρήσας, ὄμματα χρησάμενος-lending feet, borrowing eyes. See Donalds. Gk. Gr. § 432 cc.

7 A predicate generally is a substantive, adjective, or participle, expressing that which is asserted (prædicatum) of the subject or object.

Tertiary predicates are oblique cases of substantives, adjectives, and participles, in apposition with the object, and are used when there is some sort of πρόληψις or anticipation of a primary or secondary predication in the nominative case. (Donalds. Gk. Gr. § 489.) Thus, in the passage given, we have the anticipation of εἰ τὰ χρ., ἐφ' οἷς ἐδανείζοντο, ἐλεύθερα ἦν.

8. πρὶν ἂν καὶ οἱ δοῦλοι καὶ οἱ δι' ἀπορίαν δραχμῆς ἂν

ἀποδόμενοι τὴν πόλιν, δραχμῆς μετέχοιεν.

6. Give a brief account of Epaminondas, with dates. What influence did he exercise on the history of Greece? Compare the Macedonian and Boeotian tactics.

7. What was the relative power, in theory and in fact, of the consuls, the senate, and the Roman people, at the time of the Second Punic War?

8. Explain briefly but precisely the following terms with reference to the history, government, antiquities, or topography of Rome :-Imperium; Auctoritas; Populus; Curia; Plebs ; Classis; Comitia; Colonia; Prætor; Miles; Centuria; Tribus; Dictator; Magister equitum; Populus Romanus Quiritium; Roma quadrata; Septimontium; Mons; Collis; Collini; Ianus Quirini; Esquiliæ; Mœnia; Pomerium; Possessio; Exilium; Pecunia; Scribere; Sella curulis.

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9. Give a summary of the argument in any one of the following works, Cicero's De Finibus, Tusculan Disputations, De Officiis, or the first and second books of Lucretius.

1 Xen. Hell. ii. 3. 48. This is from a speech of Theramenes in reply to Critias. The peculiarity is πρὶν ἂν . . . μετέχοιεν. See Donalds. Gk. Gr. § 583 y, and note; Jelf, Gk. Gr. § 848. 5 (a).

2 For Rom. Quadr., see Dicty. Geogy. s. v. Roma, pp. 724, 726, 727. For Septimontium, ib. p. 734.

3 In the De Finibus the opinions of the Gk. schools of philosophy on the Supreme Good are discussed. In the first book, C., in an imaginary dialogue with L. Manlius Torquatus, attacks the philosophy of Epicurus, particularly his doctrine that the Supreme Good is Pleasure, and the Supreme Evil, Pain. This is answered by Torquatus, who explains at length what the Epicureans really held to be ἡδονή.

In the second book we have the arguments of the Stoics against the whole system.

In the third book, the scene of which is laid in the villa of young Lucullus at

Tusculum, we have a discussion between Cicero and Cato on the relative merits of the systems of Ethics put forth by the disciples of Plato, and Aristotle, and those of Zeno.

The fourth book details the argument of the New Academy against the Stoics.

In the fifth book, of which the scene is laid at Athens, M. Pupius Piso expounds fully the ideas of Aristotle and his successors as to the Summum Bonum. Cicero states the objections of the Stoics, which are answered by Piso.

In the Tusculan Disputations we have (Lib. i.) a discussion on the wisdom of despising death, with an investigation of its real nature. Next (Lib. ii.), the endurance of pain is dwelt upon. The next two books prove that the wise man is insensible to sorrow and exempt from all mental disquietude. The fifth book determines that virtue is, in itself, sufficient to secure happiness.

The treatise De Officiis discusses, in