V GREEK CRITICAL QUESTIONS. 1. Sketch briefly the history of Greek lyric poetry, pointing out the peculiarities which distinguish it from other forms of metrical composition, and the schools into which it naturally divides itself. To what extent were the latter local or national? 2. The influence of Sicily on Attic literature. 3. Compare the Homeric with the Attic conception of the Trojans. 4. Show the affinity between the Greek, Latin, and Teutonic prepositions. 5. What is the force of conditional sentences with— ei and indic. in protasi; opt. with äv in apodosi: ei and opt. in protasi; indic. in apodosi: éáv with subj. in protasi; opt. with av in apodosi: ei and opt. with av in protasi; indic. in apodosi? Give examples. 6. Give instances of the absence of illusion in the Greek drama. 7. To what extent do the Greek irregular verbs admit of classification? 8. Examine and illustrate the following expressions : α. χὼ μὲν νεάζων καὶ χρόνῳ μείων γεγώς,1 b. καὶ τῶν ἁλόντων καὶ κρατησάντων δίχα c. καὶ πρός τε ποίμνας ἐκτρέπω σύμμικτά τε f. ἴδεσθε χώρας τὴν διπλῆν τυραννίδα πατροκτόνους τε δωμάτων πορθήτορας. 9. Θέσπις μέντοι ὁ τραγικὸς διὰ τούτων ἄλλο τι σημαίνεσθαί φησιν, ὧδέ πως γράφων ἴδε σοι σπένδω κναξξβὶ τὸ λευκὸν ἴδε σοι Βρομίου αἴθοπα φλεγμον λείβω. 8 Show that these lines cannot be by Thespis. Io. How does και come to mean even, οὐδέ not even? Ex plain the difference between καὶ εἰ and εἰ καί. II. Point out and correct the errors in the following lines: θυμὸς δέ ποθ ̓ ἁμὸς οὐρανῷ κυρῶν ἄνω μόνου δὲ Πειθὼ δαιμόνων ἀποστατεί.4 12. What is meant by saying that the identity of certain words in different languages depends on their outward unlikeness? 13. What is the doctrine of the deliberative subjunctive ? Mention and account for any exceptions. 1 Æsch. Αg. 97. 2 Ib. Choëph. 960. 3 See Bentley On the Epistles of Phal aris, § xi. p. 291, ed. Dyce, 1836; or, p. 240, ed. 1699. 4 Æsch. Frag. 146. 14. Μάλιστα γὰρ λεκτικὸν τῶν μέτρων τὸ ἰαμβεῖόν ἐστι. Explain and examine this statement.1 15. Write a Greek epigram, not exceeding four lines, on φίλος ἄφιλος. [Dean Ireland's Scholarship, 1861.] VI. LATIN CRITICAL QUESTIONS. 1. What are the principal materials for our knowledge of those Italian languages which are supposed to have contributed to the formation of Latin? 2. The relation of the philology of a language to the exegesis of particular authors. 3. On what grounds has it been affirmed or denied that the early Roman history was developed out of ballad poetry? 4. Point out the influence of Alexandria on the literature of Rome. 5. To what extent are we justified in identifying the Greek and Roman mythology? 6. It has been maintained that the perfect-subjunctive and future-perfect are not really distinct tenses. Give your opinion, and state the grounds of it. 7. Show the connexion between the alternative pronouns, in Greek, Latin, and English, on the one hand, and the com parative degree of the adjective on the other. Do you find any form in either of those languages which bears a similar relation to the superlative? 8. The effects of Euphemism on language, illustrated by instances in Latin. Do you find any cases in which later 1 Aristot. Poët. 4 fin. Compare Rhet. iii. 8. 4. Latin writers have reverted to the primary signification of the word? 9. Show the connexion between the following words and their Latin cognates-five, eight, ten, brother, sister, heart, hemp, fish, foot, thatch, draw, way, lay. 10. What is the probable etymology of castrum, lustrum, monstrum, plaustrum, rastrum, rostrum, minister, æstimo, pecus, procella, privignus, benignus? II. Explain and illustrate the following glosses from Festus: Promenervat, item pro monet. Prædopiont, præoptant. Pesnis, pennis. Præ ted tremonti, prætremunt te. Ploisima, plurima. Pilumno poplo in carmine saliari, Romani, velut pilis uti assueti, vel quia præcipue pellant hostis.1 12. Discrimen formarum amatus sum et amatus fui a veteribus et bonis scriptoribus constantissime servatum. What is this distinction ? * [Dean Ireland's Scholarship, 1861.] VII. 1. What is the origin of the infinitive terminations in Greek and Latin? 2. What is the original meaning of ἀμφιλαφής, θυγάτηρ, σκαιός, γείτων, γλαύξ, πόντος, χείρ, instar, scelus, ira, sino, suadeo, si, absurdus? 1 See Varronianus, cap. vi. § 4. 2 See Madvig's Opusc. ii. 218 seq., esp. p. 219, as quoted in Mayor's note on Cicero, Phil. ii. § 19. Cf. Zumpt, Lat. Show the connexion between 3. Πότερος, ἕτερος, κ.τ.λ. these words and the comparative adjective; and illustrate from cognate languages. 4. What is the origin of ἕνεκα ? What is its relation to ούνεκα ? Explain the use of the latter with a genitive. 5. Εἴτ ̓ οὖν, οὔτ ̓ οὖν. What is the force of οὖν in these combinations ? 6. Explain the use of the relative in the following : α. ἀνθ' ὧν ἔχεις μὲν τῶν ἄνω βαλὼν κάτω.1 δ. ἃ καὶ σὲ τὰν ἄνασσαν ἐλπίσιν λέγω τάδ' αἰὲν ἴσχειν. c. Quod te, per genium dextramque deosque penates, Obsecro et obtestor, vitæ me redde priori. 7. Explain the construction and use of åv in the following:— α. ἀλλ ̓ ἦλθε μὲν δὴ τοῦτο τοὔνειδος τάχ' ἂν ὀργῇ βιασθὲν μᾶλλον ἢ γνώμῃ φρενών. 6. Θάρσει· σὺ μὲν γὰρ, οὐδ' ἂν εἰ τρίτης ἐγὼ μητρὸς φανῶ τρίδουλος, ἐκφανεῖ κακή.5 C. τὴν Ἐλάτειαν κατέλαβεν, ὡς οὐδ' ἂν, εἴ τι γένοιτο, ἔτι συμπνευσόντων ὑμῶν καὶ τῶν Θηβαίων. 6 8. Explain and illustrate the following constructions:a. Permagni nostra interest. b. Ut Numestio mandavi tecum ut ageret, item, atque eo, si potest, acrius, te rogo ut ad me advoles.' c. Auctoritate tua mihi opus est. 8 d. Quod parato opus est, para. c. Ceteri vicem pecudum obtruncabantur. 10 9. Distinguish the different cases of Attraction, Apposition, and Cognate Accusative which occur in Greek. 10. Distinguish carefully between the uses of the Latin. Imperfect and Perfect Subjunctive. 1 Soph. Αnt. 1068. 3 Ib. Trach. 138. 3 Hor. Ep. i. 7. 94. 4 Soph. Ο. Τ. 523. 5 16. 1062. 6 Dem. De Cor. p. 284. 8 Cic. ad Div. ix. 25. 9 Ter. Andr. iii. 2. 43. 10 Sallust. Fragm. |