culus, praetentura, tribunal, suggestum, prætorium, principia, stipendiarii, emeriti, evocati, cataphracti.1

7. What do we learn from Tacitus of the number and disposition of the legions under Tiberius ? what legions took part in the conquest of Britain ??

8. Define the following localities in Rome :-Suburra, Velabrum, Carinæ, Esquiliæ, Mons Oppius, Mons Cispius, Collis Hortulorum, Porta Capena, Porta Collina, Porta Pandana, Ficus Ruminalis, Lacus Curtius, Arcus Drusi, Porticus Octaviæ, Templum Monetæ.

9. Draw a map of the river Tiber and its tributaries.

10. Give an account of Cicero's proconsulate in Cilicia.3 II. What is the subject of Horace's First Epode? Give a short account of the political events to which it refers.

12. What are the lines in which Ovid anticipates immortality from his Metamorphoses? Give similar passages from other Latin poets.*

13. State the circumstances of the death of Germanicus." 14. Give an analysis of Juvenal's Fourth Satire. [Indian Civil Service, 1862.]

LXXXVI.

1. Point out the connection between the early books of Herodotus and the professed object of his history."

2. Ἐσήνεγκαν (ἐς τὸν δῆμον οἱ συγγραφῆς ἐξεῖναι Αθηναίων

1 See Dicty. of Antiq. s. vv. Castra, Exercitus, and the several words.

2 See Merivale, v. 277, vi. 248; Tac. Ann. iv. 5.

3 See Merivale, ii. 90, 94. Read, as illustrating the views of C. on provincial government, the letter ad Q. F. i. 1.

4 See Met. xv. 871 seqq.; Hor. C. iii.

30, ii. 20; Virg. Æn. ix. 444 seqq.; Ov. Trist. iii. 7. 49 segg.

5 See Merivale, v. 193 seqq.

6 The great object of Hdt. was to give an account of the Persian War of Invasion. For a sketch of his History, see Dicty. of Biogy. s. v.; Rawlinson's Hdt. vol. i. c. 3.

ἀνειπεῖν γνώμην ἣν ἂν τις βούληται. What would be the constitutional effect of this measure ?1

3. 'Ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic contra vim regiam ephori constituti.' Explain this statement, and illustrate from history the relations between the kings and ephors.

4. Mention any events connected with Lesbos and Chios during the Peloponnesian War.

3

5. Give a brief summary of events from the close of the history of Thucydides to the capture of Athens by Lysander.

4

6. Ἐπειδὴ δὲ οἵ τε 'Αθηναίων τύραννοι καὶ οἱ ἐκ τῆς ἄλλης Ελλάδος οἱ πλεῖστοι καὶ τελευταῖοι ὑπὸ Λακεδαιμονίων κατελύOnoav. Give some account of the events here referred to."

7. Xenophon says, that after the battle of Mantineia, which every one expected to decide the state of Greece, the ȧkpioía καὶ ταραχὴ was greater than before. Describe briefly the state of Greece at this period."

8. By what methods did the Spartan government endeavour to maintain its influence in Greece?"

9. The circumstances that favoured the peace of Nicias, and also those that prevented it from being permanent.

8

10. What were the general geographical ideas of Herodotus, and what his principal errors?"

1 See Thuc. viii. 67 seqq.

2 Cic. de Repub. ii. 33. See Dicty. of Antiq. s. vv. Ephori, Tribunus (3).

3 For L. see, especially, Thuc. iii. 1-50. The battle of Arginusa was off the coast. For C. see Thuc. i. 116, ii. 9, iv. 51, viii. 14-64.

4 The period being B.C. 411,... 404, we have the battles of Cyzicus, Ephesus, Notium, Arginusæ, Ægospotami: taking of Byzantium by Alcibiades: times of Conon, Callicratidas.

5 Thục. i. 18. At Megara, Corinth, Sicyon, etc. Thuc. vi. 59; Hdt. v. 63 seqq. Dicty. of Antiq. s. v. Tyrannus.

6 Xen. Hellen. vii. 5. 27. The date is 362 B.C.-Decline of Theban, and rise of Macedonian, supremacy.-Aggressive policy of Philip shows itself not very long after.

7 See Grote, Index.

8 The deaths of Cleon and Brasidas: behaviour of N. in the Sphacteria case (Thuc. v. 16, 19, 24; vii. 86). On the other hand, peace was opposed by Boeotia, Corinth, etc. The real reason for its being so short-lived was the jealousy between Athens and Sparta. See Grote, ch. 54, 55. 9 See Rawlinson's Hdt. vol. i. ch. 3, pp. 115 segg.

II. What are the earliest Greek tragedies of which we have any notice? Trace the growth of tragedy to its perfect form.1

12. Compare the moral teaching and tendency of Æschylus and Euripides, both according to your own estimate and that of the times in which they lived.'

13. When does the Achæan league first appear as taking a prominent place in Greek history? Give some account of it, and point out any indications of its existence at an earlier period.R

[Indian Civil Service, 1863.]

LXXXVII.

1. Give the rules for ascertaining the gender of nouns substantive in Latin, with the exceptions.

2. Distinguish between the meaning of the following words, with quotations :—cutis, pellis; sanguis, cruor; armus, humerus ; tergum, tergus; ungula, unguis; furnus, fornax ; fructus, fruges;

alga, ulva; venter, uterus,
sodalis
s; securus, tutus.4

1 The Miλnrov äλwois (B.C. 498) and Poívioσai (B.C. 476) of Phrynichus. See Hdt. vi. 21. There were also, by Thespis, the Alcestis, the Pentheus, and some others.

2 The great ancient authority is Aristoph. in the Rana. See e. g. 830 seqq., 1043 seqq. See, on the subject, Paley's Prefaces to his editions of Æsch, and Eurip.

3 B.C. 280. The Etolian league was the earlier form. See Grote, ch. 96.

4 Cutis, the smooth skin of a human being: pellis, the rough skin of a beast. See Juv. x. 192; Hor. Epod. xvii. 15, 22; Ep. i. 2. 29: Lucr. vi. 1270; Ov. Met. iii. 64. Sanguis, blood in the veins: cruor, blood shed. Tac. Ann. xii. 47.—Armus, is the shoulder of brutes: humerus of men.-Ov.

alvus; consors, socius, comes,

Met. x. 700, of a man turned into a lion: Ex humeris armi fiunt. This distinction is not always observed. H. also is the shoulder, a. the upper arm. -Ov. Met, xii. 396: Ex humeris coma dependebat in armos.-Tergus, the hide of a beast: tergum, the back of anything.-Æn. i. 211. Ungula, the hoof of an animal: unguis, the nail of a human being, or the claw of an animal.-Æn. viii. 596.—Furnus, of a baker's oven: fornax, of a forge.—Georg. i. 472. Fructus, the produce of trees; fruges, of the earth; both words are, of course, from frui.—Cic. Off. ii. 3. 12; Hor. Epist. i. 12 ult. Alga, sea-weed: ulva, sedge.-Virg. Ecl. vii. 42; Ov. F. v. 519. (1.) Venter, (2.) uterus, (3.) alvus, are all used of the womb.-See Juv. vi. 124, 596;

3. What is the ordinary limitation of the use of the epithet 'propitius'? What is the meaning of 'adversum ire,' and 'adversitor'?1

4. Translate, with special attention to the words in italics:a. Elapsum semel non ipse possit Jupiter reprehendere. b. Haud multo post aliquid quod poscas paras.

c. Illum mater arcte contenteque habet.

d. Præbere ad contumeliam os.

e. Quod de Pompeio Caninius agit sane quam refrixit. f. Ut captus est servorum.

g. Atque eccum tibi lupum in sermone, præsens esuriens adest.

h. Pro isto asso sole quo tu abusus es in nostro pratulo, a te nitidum solem unctumque repetemus.2

5. Virgil has scopuloque infixit acuto;' but 'et acutâ cuspide contos expediunt.' Why is the position of the adjective varied? What principle may be traced in the use of an adjective at the end of a clause in verse? Give instances of incomplete lines in Virgil. How do you account for them?"

6. What is the date, and what is known of the life, of Ennius?

Hor. C. iii. 22. 2; iv. 6. 19; A. P. 340. Again, uterus and venter are used of the offspring.-Tac. A. i. 59; Hor. Epod. xvii. 50; Liv. i. 34, § 4. Uterus, also of any cavity.-Æn. ii. 51, 52. Venter, of the belly, as the seat of hunger and gluttony.— Pers. Prol. 10; Juv. iv. 107. In this sense we find uterus occasionally.-Plaut. Frag. apud Aul. Gell. iii. 3. 5: Puero uterus erat solarium: ubi iste monebat esse, etc. So Nadús is used as the womb and the appetite, see Eur. Andr. 158, as also yaσrýp.—Consors, a partner in fortune; Socius, an equal, a mate; Comes, a companion in travel; Sodalis, a companion in pleasure.-See, especially, Hor. C. iii. 24. 60; i. 7. 26; 37, 4-Securus, free from care or apprehension of danger; Tutus, kept under guard, and, hence, safe.-See Ov. Trist. ii. 157, and, as illustrating the literal meaning of securus, Judges xviii. 7, 10, 27.

1 Generally of gods only; but see Plaut. Merc. v. 2. 116.-To go and meet.-A slave sent to meet his master.

2 a. See Phædr. v. 8. 3. c. Plaut. As. i. 1. 64. d. Liv. iv. 35. 8. e. Cic. ad Q. F. ii. 6. f. Terent. *Ad. iii. 4. 34 (Parry in loc.) g. Pl. Stich. iv. 1. 71; cf. *ib. iv. 1 21. h. Cic. ad Att. xii. 6. 3.

8 In the first case the emphasis is on acuto in the second (Æn. v. 208) the epithet is merely general and descriptive. The adjective in this position is always predicative. For incomplete lines, see En. i. 534, 560, 636; ii. 66, 233, 346, 468, 614, 623, 640, 720, 767. The Eneid is said to have been left in an unfinished state at Virgil's death, and published, at the order of Augustus, by the poet's executors, Plotius Tucca and L. Varius Rufus (the poet Varius), who, acting on Virgil's deathbed charge, made no additions.

What remains do we possess of his works? What services has he done to different branches of Roman literature? What were the sources of Roman history open to him? How is he estimated by Cicero, Ovid, and Quintilian ?1

7. Translate and explain :-Augustus heredes instituit primos Tiberium ex parte dimidia et sextante, Liviam ex parte tertia; secundos Drusum Tiberii filium ex triente, et ex partibus reliquis Germanicum liberosque ejus sexus virilis; tertio gradu propinquos complures. What was the principle of the law of descent among the Romans? Trace the family connection between the first six Cæsars.

8. Livy calls the Twelve Tables fons publici privatique juris.' What is the traditional, and what may be the real history of the Decemviral legislation? What were the principal divisions of public and private law among the Romans? What was the legal position of the Wife in Roman law? Explain the phrase, 'Adversum hostem æterna auctoritas.'

9. What are the dates of the four great battles of Pharsalia, Munda, Philippi, and Actium? What the direct political effect of each? Which do you consider the most decisive of the course of Roman history, and why? Quote from the poets the most pertinent allusions to the importance of each of them.*

1 Ennius lived B.C. 238-168. See Student's Rome, chap. xxxii. xlv. We have in all some hundreds of lines of fragments. Cicero speaks of him, in De Opt. Gen. Orat. i. 2, as summus Epicus poëta, and Pro Balb. 22, 51, quotes him as summus poëta noster. Ovid, Trist. ii. 424, calls him Ingenio maximus, arte rudis. See also Am. i. 15, 19; A. A. iii. 409. Quint. X. 1, § 88, compares him to a timehonoured oak to which there attaches more religious reverence (religio) than beauty (species).

2 Suet. Oct. 101. The shares were + 3, and . For the phraseology, cf. Mart. vii. 65 (66), xii. 28; Cic. Cacin. 6, § 17. See Dicty. of Antiq. s. v. Heres. 3 Livy, iii. 34. 2. See Dicty. of Antiq.

s. vv. Lex. xii. Tabularum, Jus, Matrimonium, Usucapio; Cic. de Off. i. 12. 37. 4 The dates B. C. are 48, 45, 42, 31. The battle of A. is perhaps the most decisive, inasmuch as a new era was inaugurated by its result: at the same time the field of M. is notable as being the scene of the last struggle for R. liberty: again, the republic perished at Philippi. For allusions, see (1.) *Lucan, vii. 407 seqq.; and see description in Cæsar, B. C. iii. 71 seqq. (2.) *Ib. i. 40; Ov. Trist. iv. 10. 6; and see description in Auct. Bell. Hisp. 30. (3.) Virg. G. i. 489 seqq., with Conington's note; Ov. F. iii. 705 seqq.; *ib. i. 694 (689 al.) (4.) Hor. C. i. 37; Virg. Æn. viii. 675 seqq.; Propert. v. 6. 15 seqq. (and Paley's Index, s. v.)