c. Give a concise history of the Old and New Academy, and show how philosophy degenerated in the decline of the political existence of Greece. 46. Write a short life of Livy, with dates. Mention, also with dates, the chief historians before him. Give an estimate of his qualifications as a historian, and his general merits as a writer. How does 'Tacitus speak of him? To what Greek writer does Quintilian compare him? What portions of his work are extant? What period did it originally comprise ? Into how many books was it divided? What portions have been most recently discovered? What works are ascribed to him besides the History? What name does he give to the latter? To what authors does he refer, and in what terms? What do you understand by the term Patavinity? Compare Livy with Tacitus, (1.) in point of style, (2.) as a historian. Translate and explain a. Vectigalia summis pretiis . b. Mos erat tum exercuerunt.2 solo persultabant." 47. Explain the meaning of 'In Q. Cæcilium Divinatio.' Give some account of the celebrated cause with which the speech bearing the above name is connected? How many other orations are there extant on it? How many were delivered? Before what tribunal was the defendant arraigned, and who presided there? What was the result and what the ultimate fate of the defendant ? Translate and explain Quartum quem sit habiturus reos reperiatis.* 48. Who were the Triumviri Capitales? Where did they hold their Court? By whom and when were they instituted, and in succession to what Roman magistrates in their judicial 1 See Tac. Ann. iv. 34. Agr. 10, and, on L. generally, supra p. 202. 2 Liv. xxxix. 8 Liv. xliv. 9. 4 In Q. C. Divinatio 15, § 49. capacity? To what Athenian magistrates did they partly correspond? Explain the point of Cicero's joke-'Treviros vites censeo. Audio capitales esse. Mallem auro, ære, argento essent.'1 49. Cicero says2— 'Quintum genus principiorum adhibet Aristoteles, vacans nomine, et sic ipsum animum évreλéxecav appellat novo nomine, quasi quandam continuatam motionem et perennem.' Translate this. Distinguish évteλéxe‹ and évdeλéxe‹a, giving the derivation of each. Which would you read here? How does it appear that Cicero has not correctly given the meaning of Aristotle ? 50. Distinguish marere, dolere, lugere: carere, desiderare, indigere, requirere. Explain the words or phrases versurâ solvere, morbus comitialis, cretio, novæ tabulæ, frumentum decumanum, f. æstimatum, f. stipendiarium. 51. Explain the following inscriptions:-- d. Q. ET M. TULLIS. Q. ET M. FF. CICERONIBUS III. VIREIS. AED. POT. MUNICIPI ARPINATIUM e. M. TULLIO. M.F.M.N.M.PN. COR. CICERONI COS. PRO COS. PROV. ASIÆ LEG. IMP. CES. AUG. IN SIRIA PATRONO. Also the following symbols : HS: NP: *C : *MERK. : *EID. *N: HS. C. * In the Roman Calendar. 52 Explain the constructions in a. Hæc tibi dictabam post fanum putre Vacunæ, 1 Ep. ad Div. vii. 13. 2 Tusc. i. 10, § 22. 3 Hor. Epist. i. 10, 49 ON THE PLATONIC IDEAS. 6 § 1. To exactly comprehend and explain Plato's Ideas has always been a problem. Aristotle tells us that they arose from an union between the universal definitions of Socrates, and the doctrine put forth by Heraclitus of the fleeting character of all objects of sense. (Ar. Metaphys. xii. (xiii.), 4 : Συνέβη ἡ περὶ τῶν εἰδῶν δόξα . . . διὰ τὸ πεισθῆναι τοῖς Ηρακλειτείοις λόγοις ὡς πάντων τῶν αἰσθητῶν ἀεὶ ῥεόντων . Σωκράτους δὲ περὶ τῶν ἠθικῶν ἀρετῶν ὁρίζεσθαι καθόλου ζητοῦντος . . . συνέβαινεν τῷ αὐτῷ λόγῳ πάντων ἰδέας εἶναι τῶν καθόλου λeyouévwv.) The theory has been defined as the assertion of the principle that, in order to general reasoning, we must generalize and classify' (Donalds. New Crat. § 58), and it is in consequence of this that the theory assigns Ideas to everything capable of receiving a name, Ideas of relations, colours, sounds, even of artificial instances of mechanism. (See, especially, Rep. x. 596 в, Tоλλaí Tоú eio, K.T.λ.) 'It should be remarked that Plato uses idéa, in its strictest sense, only in five dialogues, the Parmenides, Philebus, Phado, Republic, and Timæus: its appearance is the sequel of the completion of the doctrine in the mind of its author, and these dialogues are, accordingly, reckoned among his maturer productions (Note in Archer Butler, ii. 127). § 2. Now the philosophy of Plato has been characterized as ' a system mediating between the dogmatism of the sciolist on the one hand, and the scepticism of the disputant on the other' (Hampden, p. 222). On the Platonic Ideas CAL ERSITY 261 §3. His great hypothesis was the fallaciousness of Opinion (dóğa): his great need, therefore, to seek for some criterion of truth out of the region of mere opinion (ib.) This hypothesis involved a corresponding hypothesis in philosophy of the fallaciousness of the senses. From the combination of these two principles arose his master-science of DIALECTIC (ib. p. 223). §4. This science is conversant about that which is, or which has BEING, as contrasted with presentations to the senses, which have only the semblance of Being: it, therefore, investigates the reason or account (Móyos) of everything as it is, and not as it APPEARS (ib.) 5. It was to establish a sound theory of BEING, or, in other words, a sure criterion of Truth, that Plato put forth his Theory of Ideas (ib.; compare Archer Butler, ii. 89). § 6. The value of the theory consists in its laying a stable foundation of science, in the principles themselves of the human mind. The error lay in carrying the theory too far (ib. p. 250). §7. As far as the word is concerned, 'Idéa properly denotes an appearance, considered as a result of details, as in Phad. 108 D, 109 B; Protag. 315 E; Rep. 380 D, 588 c; Phædr. 251 A, et alibi. But, inasmuch as the result is the final cause of the disposition of the elements, 'Idéa passed from its proper sense into that of structural type, or model upon which anything is made: this structural type, viewed from the subjective side, would be construed as the ultimate efficient : viewed from the objective side, as the ultimate manifestation of objectivity. Hence, the order of the various shades of meaning may be given as— 1. Appearance, considered as a result; this is the sense of the passages cited above. 2. Appearance, considered as a type. (Philebus 67 A; Hippias Major 297 B.) 3. Appearance, conceived as a typical efficient, and, consequently, as to the percipient, the final reality. (See Rep. 369 A, 479 A, et alibi.) § 8. The Ideas themselves may be defined as the archetypes of all created things as they exist in the divine intellect, the created things themselves being the antitypes or representations: it is these model forms that are real according to Plato. The archetypes and antitypes may be conceived as standing in the same relation to each other as that which exists between Algebra and Arithmetic, the former being the science of generalization, the latter that of particularizing, with respect to number and magnitude. § 9. The theory of Ideas is presented by Plato in four aspects― 1. In connection with logical science. 2. As a means of summing up and measuring the infinites of the sensible world. 3. As a philosophy of Being, in opposition to the mere knowledge of sensible phenomena. 4. Its aspect as a theory of the Cause of the Universe. For a fuller account of this doctrine, the student is referred to Hampden's Fathers of Gk. Phil. pp. 222 seqq. Dr. Thompson's edition of Prof. Archer Butler's Lectures, Sir A. Grant's Aristotle's Ethics, vol. i., Essay iii. Macguire on the Platonic Idea. (London: Longmans, 1866.) |