Industrial Electrochemistry

acid acrylonitrile active material addition adiponitrile adsorbed adsorption aluminium anion anode and cathode anolyte aqueous bath battery carbon catalyst catholyte cell design cell potential cell voltage chemical chlor-alkali chlorine chromium(III complex components concentration copper corrosion current collector current density current efficiency depend deposit diaphragm diaphragm cell diffusion dioxide discharge effluent electrical electroactive species electrochemistry electrode reactions electrode surface electrolyte flow electrolytic processes electron transfer electroplating energy consumption equation example Figure fluorine free energy graphite H₂ Hence hydrogen evolution hydroxide increase industry ion-selective electrodes kinetics layer lead lead dioxide lead/acid Leclanché cells manganese dioxide manufacture mass transport mechanism medium membrane cells mercury cell metal ion Moreover nickel nucleation occur operation organic overpotential oxidation oxygen evolution passivation Photograph supplied plant plate polarography porous reactor redox requires salt separator sodium sodium hydroxide solution space time yield steel tank temperature throwing power typical water electrolysis