all circumstances.26 Yet in the 12th century even within the pale of the Church, Bernard's voice of warning was raised against this immoderate extension of Episcopal jurisdiction ;27 afterwards, however, it was attackt only by the secular power from time to time, and stoutly defended by the Church.28

At last

naissance et les progrès de la jurisdiction temporelle des églises in the Memoires de l' Acad. des Inscr. xxxix. 603. Schilling de origine jurisdict. eccl. in causis civilibus. Lips. 1825. 4. p. 53 ss. Lucius III. decreed ann. 1181 (Decr. Greg. lib. ii. tit. ii. c. 8) personis ecclesiasticis-malefactores suos-sub quo maluerint judice convenire, For this reason ecclesiastics bought up cases, in order to bring them before ecclesiastical tribunals: this was forbidden by Gregory IX. (Decr. Greg. lib. i. tit. 42. c. 2) and Conc. ad Castrum Guntherii ann.

1231 c. 19.

26 The Church claimed the superintendence of all justice: Thus Conc. Lateran. II. gen. ann. 1139 c. 20. (Caus. xxiii. qu. 8. c. 32) adds to the decree about the ecclesiastical punishment of incendiaries: Sane Regibus et Principibus faciendae justitiae facultatem consultis Episcopis et Archiepiscopis non negamus :-Thence the appeals in defectu justitiae saecularis, even in matters of feudal tenure (Alexander III. ad Archiep. Senonensem, in Decr. Greg. lib. ii. tit. 2. c. 6 per dominum feudi causam jubeas terminari, et si ipse malitiose distulerit, tu ei debitum finem imponas. cf. c. 10 and 11.) Innocent III. advanced furthest in the Decretale ad Praelatos Franciae, by which the Denunciatio Evangelica was establisht, see above § 54. note 6. The Gloss to this even says: executionem gladii temporalis Imperatoribus et Regibus commisit Ecclesia, et tamen jurisdictionem causarum civilium aliqando per Sacerdotes exercuit. Compare Bonifacii VIII. epist. above § 59. note 7, and the speech of Cardinal Portuensis § 59. note 25. cf. Schilling de orig. jurisdict. eccl. in causis civil. p. 66.

27 Bernard. de considerat. lib. i. c. 3. Quaeso te, quale est istud, de mane usque ad vesperam litigare, aut litigantes audire? Et utinam sufficeret diei malitia sua, non sunt liberae noctes etc. c. 6: Putasne haec tempora sustinere, si hominibus litigantibus pro terrena haereditate, et flagitantibus abs te judicium, voce Domini tui responderes: 0 homines, quis me constituit judicem super vos? (Luc. xii. 14.) In quale tu judicium mox venires? "Quid dicit homo rusticanus et imperitus, ignorans primatum suum, inhonorans summam et praecelsam sedem, derogans apostolicae dignitati?" Et tamen non monstrabunt, puto, qui hoc dicent, ubi aliquando quispiam Apostolorum judex sederit hominum, aut divisor terminorum, aut distributor terrarum.—Mihi tamen non videtur bonus aestimator rerum, qui indignum putat Apostolis seu apostolicis viris non judicare de talibus, quibus datum est judicium in majora.—Quaenam tibi major videtur et dignitas et potestas, dimittendi peccata, an praedia dividendi? Sed non est comparatio. Habent haec infima et terrena judices suos, Reges et Principes terrae. Quid fines alios invaditis? Quid falcem vestram in alienam messem extenditis? etc.

28 Only Alphonso X. yielded everything by his decision in the

$ 64.

INTERNAL RELATIONS OF THE DIOCESAN HIERARCHY.

Just as on one side the Episcopal rights were curtailed by the Popes, so on the other side, the Cathedral chapters also, especially after they had attained the exclusive privilege of Episcopal

Partidas, that all law-suits, which rose from sins, belonged to the ecclesiastical tribunal : still the Cortes often protested: see § 62. note 22, and the treatise by Rosseeuw St Hilaire p. 847 quoted there. Everywhere there rose a feeling of hostility between the secular and ecclesiastical tribunals: thence the charge: saeculares judices in exhibenda justitia personis ecclesiasticis saepe in judicio sunt remissi (Lucius III. ann. 1181 in Decr. Greg. lib. ii. tit. 2. c. 8.) The accusation was retorted on the sccular side especially in France: Capitula de interceptionibus Clericorum adv. jurisdictionem domini Regis, ann. 1219, above note 22. There were new complaints of the Barous at the Assembly of the States at Melun in the year 1225. Compare Preuves des libertés de l'église Gallic. ch. vii. nr. 5. Under St Lewis a combination of the Barons was formed against the usurpations of the Church (Matth. Paris ann. 1246 p. 719), where among other things it was also settled (p. 720) ut nullus clericus vel laicus alium de caetero trahat in causam coram ordinario judice vel delegato, nisi super haeresi, matrimonio, vel usuris : amissione omnium bonorum suorum et unius membri mutilatione transgressoribus imminente;-ut sic jur sdictio nostra resuscitata respiret, et ipsi hactenus ex nostra depauperatione ditati-reducantur ad statum Ecclesiae primitivae, et in contemplatione viventes nobis, sicut decet, activam vitam ducentibus ostendant miracula, quae dudum a saeculo recesserunt. Compare on the other hand the letters of condemnation by Innocent IV. to the French clergy, to his Legate the Episc. Tusculanus (both are in Raynald 1247 no. 49 ss. the last is given more fully in Duchesne hist. Franc. scriptt. v. 714, but by mistake as an epist. Innoc. III.) and ad Episc. Aurelianensem (in Bulaei hist. Univ. Paris. iii. 210.)-Thence the decress of councils against those who ut nullus conqueratur coram ecclesiastico judice, prohibent. Conc. Herbipol. 1287 c. 36. Statuta synodal. Joannis ep. Leodiensis ann. 1287 tit. xvii. c. 9. (Mansi xxiv. 922.) Conc. Compendiense 1301 c. 4. 5. Guil. Durantis de modo celebrandi concil. gener. P. ii. rubr. 70. In Germany Imperial admonitions were given that ecclesiastical and secular tribunals should not overstep their boundaries, see Sammlung der Reichsabschiede i. 17 (ann. 1232), 8. 36 (Rudolph v. Habsburg 1282 und 1291), s. 38 (Adolph v. Nassau 1293 u. Albrecht i. 1303.) In consequence there was from time to time a withdrawal of ecclesiastical usurpations Conc. Mogunt. 1261 can. 18 (in Hartzheim Concil. germ. iii. 600): Ne Praelati vel

election,' extended their independence and authority at the cost. of the Bishops. On the other hand the Archdeacons of the 13th

quilibet judices ecclesiastici de causis, quas laici habent ad invicem, se ullatenus intromittant, nisi tales sint causae, quas ad forum ecclesiasticum non sit dubium pertinere: ne ex hoc saeculare judicium, quod est valde incongruum, enervetur. Conc. Colon. 1266 c. 17 (1. c. p. 623.) Conc. Mogunt. 1310. Tit. de foro competente (ibid. iv. 184.)

The share of the Laity in the election of Bishops, was naturally much lessened by the principles vindicated in the contest about investiture. On the other hand, Innocent II. decreed Conc. Later. ann. 1139 c. 28: sub anathemate interdicimus, ne canonici de sede episcopali ab electione Episcoporum excludant religiosos viros: sed eorum consilio honesta et idonea persona in Episcopum eligatur. Accordingly, Gerohus Praep. Reichersperg. lib. v. (Baluz. miscell. v. 88), thus determines the manner of election: Spiritales et religiosi viri habent consulere, Canonici eligere, populus petere, honorati (for instance the Provost and noble officers) assentire, yet already with the condition, that if the last noluerint praebere assensum, non propter hoc irrita erit electio, si alias est canonica, compare Hurter's Innocenz III. iii. 224. Still Bernard, Bishop of Paderborn, styles himself, in 1189, as ex cleri et populi electione ad apicem cathedrae Paderbrunnensis sublevatus, Riefert's Münsterische Urkundensammlung ii. 260. After that the election of the Pope had passed exclusively into the hands of the Cardinals, (see above § 52 note 30), the Cathedral chapters imitated this custom, and Innocent III. decreed simply, Conc. Later. IV. ann. 1215 c. 24 (Decr. Greg. I. vi. 42), as also the oath already required in 1209 from Otto IV. (see above § 54 note 17), ut is collatione adhibita eligatur, in quem omnes, vel major, vel sanior pars capituli consentit: and Gregory IX. (Decr. Greg. 1. c. c. 56): Edicto perpetuo prohibemus, ne per laicos cum canonicis Pontificis electio praesumatur. Quae si forte praesumpta fuerit, nullam obtineat firmitatem: non obstante contraria consuetudine, quae dici debet potius corruptela. Cf. Thomassinus P. ii. lib. ii. c. 33. Disqu. de Capitulorum metropolitanorum et cathedralium Germaniae origine, progressu et juribus etc. auct. M. C. Jeto. Amstelod. 1758. 4. § 32 ss. Planck IV. ii. 588 ff. Raumer vi. 21.

"Especially by means of articles, which they made the newly elected Bishop promise upon oath, so that Innocent III., 1204, declared all such juramenta in damnum episcopalis juris, to be not binding (Decretal. Gregor. II. xxiv. 27): Likewise Nicolas III., 1278 (Sexti II. xi. 1) P. Gallade diss. de capitulatione Episcopo Germaniae electo proposita in A. Schmidt thesaurus juris eccles. ii. 767. Right of punishment over their own members was allowed to the Chapters (Decret. Greg. I. xxxi. 13); they often, however, ventured on great invasions of the episcopal power, even on passing measures against the Bishops. Accordingly the Bishops of the ecclesiastical province of Rheims at Compiegne in the year 1277, united in a common resistance (Mansi xxiv. 183), attendentes quod capitula et canonici cathedralium Ecclesiarum nostrae Remensis provincia in nos-exercuerunt, spiritualia jura sibi damnabiliter usurpando, interdum auctoritate propria, interdum etiam per

3

century, by their arrogant encroachments, caused more and more of their authority to be withdrawn from them, and bestowed on the newly instituted episcopal officials, and peniten

exquisitas lites, quas contra nos aggredi non verentur, nonnumquam etiam per subtractionein divini officii, contra nos pro suae libertatis arbitrio sua organa suspendendo. Other examples may be seen in J. H. Boehmeri jus eccl. Protestantium T. ii. lib. iii. tit. 9. § 8 ss. Thomassinus P.

i. lib. 3. c. 41.-The Chapters were at this time places reserved for the younger sons of the nobility. The Chapter of Strasburg in 1232 prided itself, before Gregory IX. (Decr. Greg. lib. iii. tit. 5. c. 37) upon consuetudinem antiquam, inviolabiliter observatam, juxta quam nullum, nisi nobilem et liberum, et ab utroque parente illustrem-in suum consortium hactenus admiserant; the Pope, however, disclaimed this usage, quod non generis, sed virtutum nobilitas vitaeque honestas gratum Deo faciunt etc. When Nicolas IV. had appointed the famous Peter Aichspalter (physician to the Emperor Rudolph, afterwards Archbishop of Mayence) to be Dean of the Chapter at Treves in the year 1289, many members of the Cathedral body opposed this and another appointment (Gesta Trevirorum edd. Wyttenbach et Müller ii. 138): asserebant enim, se juramento adstrictos esse, et super hoc publicum confirmationis instrumentum sedis apostolicae impetrasse, quod personas, quantumcunque literatas, nisi de clara stirpe genitas, admittere-non debeant in canonicos et fratres. After a hard struggle, however, they were obliged to yield. Seufert's Geschichte des deutchen Adels in den hohen Erz-und Domcapiteln. 1790. Hurter's Innocenz III. iii. 348.-Comp. especially Planck IV. ii. 565. Raumer vi. 29.

Concerning their rights and duties see Decr. Greg. lib. i. tit. 23. De officio Archidiaconi. So cap. 1. Ut Archidiaconus post Episcopum sciat, se vicarium esse ejus in omnibus. Nevertheless the jurisdictio delegata gradually changed into an ordinaria; and the Archdeacons abused their power to oppress the inferior clergy and defy their Bishops. Thomassin. P. i. lib. ii. c. 20. J. G. Pertschens Abhandl. v. d. Archidiacon, bischöfl. Officialen und Vicarien. Hildesheim 1743. Planck IV. ii 598. Hurter's Innoc. III. iii. 364.

By the Provincial Synods of the 13th century, e.g. Conc. apud Vallem Guidonis ann. 1242 cap. 4: Sane quia nonnulli, quos ecclesiasticus ordo ad relevamen et subsidium Episcoporum elegit, et ss. Patrum canones decreverunt, ut quod per seipsos nou possent, facilius cognoscentes per alios explicarent, falcem suam in messem alienam mittentes, ad illicita manus suas et prohibita mittere non verentur : statuimus, ut Archidiaconi et alii de causis matrimonialibus, simoniae, vel aliis, quae degradationem vel amissionem beneficii, vel depositionem exigant, nisi de speciali mandato sui pontificis, nullatenus cognoscere vel diffinire praesumant, nec Officiales babere, excepto civitatis Archidiacono qui alias officiales habere consuevit. Comp. Pertsch s. 81, 190, 197.

5 Single examples of this office occur in the 12th century (Thomassin. P. i. lib. ii. c. 8. § 3. Pertsch s. 271) in the thirteenth they

tiaries." When, from the 13th century onwards, the titular Bishops' also came into vogue, the wealthier Bishops found so

become more common (Conc. Paris. ann. 1212 P. iii. c. 11, and Conc. Rotomag. ann. 1214 P. iii. c. 11: [Episcopi] Officiales fideles habeant et prudentes sine personarum acceptione gratis justitiam exhibentes.) In the Decret. Greg. the officials were not even mentioned in lib. i. tit. 28. De officio vicarii, on the other hand, in the lib. Sextus Decretalium lib. i. tit. 13, refers the chap. De officio vicarii only to them. There are several mentions of them: Officiarius (Conc. Cicestrens. ann. 1289 c. 10), Vicarius in spiritualibus et temporalibus (Conc. ap. Nobiliacum ann. 1290), Tenens vices Episcopi (Conc. Pergam. ann. 1311 rubr. 22), Vicarius in spiritualibus (1. c. rubr. 23), Vicarius seu officialis (1. c. rubr. 24.)-The first trace of distinction between the Vicarius in spiritualibus and the Officialis, seems to be found in the Conc. Colon. ann. 1280, see Pertsch s. 273. Comp. Joh. Wolf's hist. Abhandl. v. geistl. Commissarien im Erzstift Mainz. Göttigen 1797. 8.

d.

6 Innocent III. gave rise to them by the decree, Conc. Later. ann. 1215 cap. 10 (Decr. Greg. lib. i. tit. 31. c. 15): Praecipimus, tam in cathedralibus quam in aliis conventualibus ecclesiis viros ideoneos ordinari, quos Episcopi possint coadjutores et cooperatores habere, non solum in praedicationis officio, verum etiam in audiendis confessionibus, et poenitentiis injungendis, ac caeteris, quae ad salutem pertinent animarum. Si quis autem hoc adimplere neglexerit, districtae subjaceat ultioni. Cf. Thomassin. P. I. lib. ii. c. 10, § 5 ss. To these Penitentiaries now fell also the casus Episcopo reservati, about these consult Thomassin. P. I. lib. ii. c. 14.

7 Episcopi in partibus infidelium or Episcopi titulares, according to the exigencies of the case, had already been establisht in Spain, ever since the invasion of the Saracens (Thomassin. P. i. lib. i. c. 27. § 8 ss.), and in the Byzantine empire (1. c. c. 28 § 4 ss.) In the 13th century some wealthy bishops of the west began to employ their colleagues who were driven about that time from the east, as Vicarii in pontificalibus or Suffraganei. The first recognised suffragan Bishops are Henricus Ostiensis Episc. in Trêves, in the year 1241 (Honthem. hist. Trevir. i. 640); in Mayence 1248 Theodericus Ep. Vironensis (Johannis rerum Mogunt. ii. 421 and the continuation in Bodmanns Rheingauischen Alterthümern. Mainz 1819. 4. s 832); soon after suffragans are found at Cologne (J. H. Heister Suffraganei Colonienses. Colon. 1614. p. 65); about 1255 Thomas Cantipratensis is suffragan Bishop in Cambray. After the complete conquest of Palestine by the Saracens, the banisht bishops wandered about the west in great numbers, and offered their services everywhere, especially to the abbeys exempt from episcopal jurisdiction, and this led the way to great abuses. Clement V. declared at the Conc. Viennense ann. 1311 (Clementin. lib. i. tit. iii. c. 5): In plerisque Ecclesiis clero carentibus et populo christiano multos frequenter, et religiosos praesertim, improvida superiorum provisio ad pontificatus adsumit honorem, qui nec, ut expediret, prodesse, nec praeesse, ut deceret, valentes, instabilitate vagationis et mendicitatis