§ 48.

VICTOR III. (1085-1087.) URBAN II. (1088—1099.)

After Gregory's death Henry IV. at first held so decided an ascendancy in Germany as well as in Italy, and Gregory's successors, Victor III. and Urban II.1 were pressed so closely by the Imperial pope, Clement III.,2 that the Gregorian party began to wish for peace.3

However, the posture of affairs soon after changed in favour of this party. In Italy they had already gained the upper hand, since they had drawn over to their side Henry's son, Conrad, and raised him (1093) to the kingdom of Italy. But Urban II.

quibusdam non ita religiose, sicut optamus, se habeat; tamen-caeteris Regibus se satis probabiliorem ac magis honoranduin ostendit. Unde non indignum debet existimari, postestatem illius mitius esse tractandam.-Quare volumus, ut fraternitas vestra supra memoratis Episcopis -restitutionis literas mittat: et praefatum Regem in talibus ulterius sine assensu nostro non exasperet. Videtur enim nobis multo melius atque facilius lenitatis dulcedine ac rationis ostensione, quam austeritate vel rigore justitiae illum Deo lucrari, et ad perpetuum b. Petri amorem posse provocari.

1 Urbani II., vita by Ruinart in the posthumous works of J. Mabillon and Th. Ruinart, vol. iii. (Paris, 1724. 4.), p. 1-410.

2 Schlosser's Weltgesch. iii. 1, 200.

3 Bernoldus Const. ad. ann. 1089: Sed jam aliquantulum diuturna regni discordia inter catholicos et schismaticos tepescere coepit, ut non jam bellum ad invicem, sed pacem componere sanius judicarent. Quapropter Duces et Comites s. Petro fideles cum Heinrico colloquium habuerunt, eique suum consilium et auxilium ad obtinendum regnum firmissime promiserunt, si Guibertum haeresiarcham vellet dimittere, et ad ecclesiasticam communionem per catholicum pastorem remeare. Quam quidem conditionem nec ipse multum respuit: si tamen in hoc ei Principes assentiri vellent, videlicet Episcopi, qui se cum Guiberto deponendos esse non dubitaverunt, eo quod in ejus parte ordinationem, immo execrationem, perceperunt. Hi ergo ei penitus hac vice dissuaserunt, ne s. matri Ecclesiae reconciliaretur. Henry could not allow the bishops devoted to him to fall, and receive instead his enemies the Papal antibishops.

4 Ekkehardus ad ann. 1099, in Pertz viii., 211: Chuonradus causam rebellationis suae paucis tantum sibique familiarissimis in regno detegens,per quasdam Italiae partes et nomen et dignitatem Regis

became almost all-powerful in the west, when the enthusiasm for the crusades, issuing from his throne, seized on the spirits of all men with a powerful influence, and bound them to him with fresh bonds as the head of the church militant."

annis fere novem obtinuit.-Murmur, quod per totum Romanum imperium patris sui mores laniabat, quodque ipsum sibi offensae patris ac suae ab illo discessionis causa extitit, auribus propriis nunquam patiebatur inferri, semper illum dominum suum et Caesarem vel Imperatorem cognominans, etc. On the licentiousness of Henry, see vita Conradi Archiep. Salisburg. c. 2. (in Pez anecdot. ii. iii. 224): primum locum gratiae apud Imperatorem habebant nobiles ac speciosae Abbatissae et moniales, necnon et aliae mulieres, forma et genere clarissimae, quae idcirco curiam sequebantur, eo quod venalis eis esset pudicitia et decus formae, et ad earum favorem et intercessionem darentur episcopatus, abbatiae, praepositurae et caeteri ecclesiastici honores, (that this passage refers to Henry IV., not Henry V. Stenzel ii. 134). Nevertheless the reasons, which Dodechinus (abbot of Disenberg, about 1200) in his append. ad Mariani Scoti chron. ann. 1093 (in Pistorius Struve i., 661), suggests for Conrad's defection, are manifestly poisonous fabrications against Henry. Otbertus de vita Henrici IV. (in Goldasti apol. p. 214): Filius Imperatoris-a Mathilde persuasus-junctus inimicis patris, etc. F. v. Raumer's Gesch. der Hohenstaufen und ihrer Zeit. i. 235. Stenzel ii. 159.

See

5 Among the western sources of history for the crusades, the most important are. Willermi Archiep. Tyrensis hist. rerum in partibus transmarinis gestarum down to 1180 in xxiii. libb., and Jacobi de Vitriaco (at last cardinal, † 1244) historiae orientalis et occident. libb. iii., down to 1218. They are gathered together in Gesta Dei per Francos s. orientalium expeditionum et regni Francorum Hierosolymitani hist. (coll. Jac. Bongars) Hanoviae 1611. t. ii. fol. A wider collection has been begun : Recueil des historiens des croisades, publié par les soins de l'académie royale des inscriptions et belles lettres. Historiens occidentaux, t. i. in 2 parties, Paris, 1844, fol. (It comprises only Willermus Tyr. After the western sources, the Greek and Oriental will follow all of them with a French translation.) Works : Fr. Wilken's Gesch. der Kreuzzüge. Leipzig, 1807-1832, 7 Theile Histoire des croisades par M. Michaud, 4 parties in 5 voll. 4ème édit. corrigée et augmentée. Paris, 1825. To this joins on the bibliographie des croisades par Michaud, 2 vols. Paris, 1822. And the bibliotheque des croisades par Michaud, 4 Parties, Paris 1829, (a book of reference to the sources and extracts from them. Partie iv. has also appeared by itself under the title, Extraits des historiens Arabes relatifs aux guerres des croisades par M. Reinaud.) Beside these for the first crusade, there is Schlosser's Weltgesch. iii. 1, 128. Raumer's Gesh. der Hohenstaufen, i. 37. H. von. Sybel's History of the first Crusade, Düsseldorf, 1841. (It begins with a critique on the sources and literature of the period.)

The cruelties exercised by the infidels against the pilgrims in Palestine, especially since the barbarous Seljukians came to power (1073), had long ere now raised hatred and exasperation in the western world. But Peter the hermit, delegated with full power from Urban II. (1094), blew the spark into flame. The Synods at Piacenza' (March 1095), and Clermont (Nov. 1095), accomplished the work and forthwith a countless host, doubtless in part actuated as much by love of adventure, oppression in Fatherland, and thirst for gain, as by religious enthusiasm," was ready to follow the beck of the Pope.

8

6 The first idea of a crusade is found in Sylvestri P. ii., epist. ex persona Hierusalem devastatae ad universalem Ecclesiam in the year 999 (in Bouquet x. 426.)-Then Gregorii P. vii., lib. ii. ep. 31, ad Henricum R. in the year 1074 (compare Sybel s. 188.) Cron. Casin. iii., c. 71 : Victor iii. (1086) de omnibus fere Italiae populis Christianorum exercitum congregans, atque vexillum b. Petri Apostoli illis contradens, sub remissione omnium peccatorum contra Saracenos in Africa commorantes direxit.

7 Bernold. Const. ad ann. 1095.

8 There is a description of this council by the eye-witness Baldric, bishop of Dol in Brittany, in his historia Jerosolimitana (in Bongars i. 86), and by the contemporary Robert, monk of Rheims, Hist. Hierosolym. lib. i. (ib. p. 31), Fulcherius Carnotensis gesta peregrinantium Francorum (ib. p. 382), Guibertus, Abb. monasterii s. Mariac Novigenti, hist. Hierosolyın. (ib. p. 478), Ekkehardi chron. in Pertz viii. 211.—With regard to wearing the cross as a badge, Baldricus 1. c. p. 88 statim omnes in vestibus superamictis consuerunt sanctae crucis vexillum. Sic etenim Papa praeceperat, et ituris hoc signum facere complacuerat: quippe praedicaverat summus Pontifex, dominum dixisse sequacibus suis: si quis non bajulat crucem suam et venit post me, non potest meus esse discipulus (Luc. xiv. 27.) Idcirco debetis, inquit, vobis crucem coaptare vestris in vestibus quatenus et ex hoc tutiores incedatis, et his, qui viderint, exemplum et incitamentum suggeratis. The general indulgence may be found in Can. Claromontanus ii. (Mansi xx. 816.) Quicunque pro sola devotione, non pro honoris vel pecuniae adeptione, ad liberandam Ecclesiam Dei Jerusalem profectus fuerit, iter illud pro omni poenitentia [ei] reputetur. Also in the speech of Urban in Willerm. Tyr. lib. i. (in Bongars i. 640): Nos autem de misericordia Domini, et bb. Petri et Pauli Apostolorum auctoritate confisi, fidelibus Christianis, qui contra eos arma susceperint, et onus sibi hujus peregrinationis assumserint, injunctas sibi pro suir delictis poenitentias relaxamus. Qui autem ibi in vera poenitentia decesserint, et peccatorum indulgentiam et fructum aeternae mercedis se non dubitent habituros.

9 Baldricus 1. c. p. 88: quaedam Christianis intima inspirabatur voluntas, ut paene omnes iter arriperent, si stipendiorum facultas eis

As director of this spiritual agitation issuing on the world's scene with overpowering might, and as general-in-chief of the crusading army now in process of formation, Urban acquired an immense degree of power.10 In full consciousness of this power,

suppeteret. Laetabantur patres, filiis abscedentibus; gaudebant uxores, abeuntibus maritis dilectissimis, plusque tristabantur, quod remanebant. -Excessit tamen medicina modum, quia plusquam debuit in quibusdam eundi voluntas surrepsit. Nain et multi heremitae et reclusi et monachi domiciliis suis non satis sapienter relictis ire viam perrexerunt: quidam autem orationis gratia ab Abbatibus suis accepta licentia profecti sunt, plures autem fugiendo se subduxerunt. Multi etiam de gente plebeja crucem sibi divinitus innatam jactando ostentabant, quod et idemn quaedam ex mulierculis praesumserunt : hoc enim falsum deprehensum est omnino. Multi vero ferrum calidum instar crucis sibi adhibuerunt, vel peste jactantiae, vel bonae suae voluntatis ostentatione. Sed de his, ut libet. Talibus enim rumoribus concursus euntium in tantum augmentabantur, ut jam esset numerus innumerus. Ekkehardus in Pertz viii. 213: Francigenis Occidentalibus facile persuaderi poterat sua rura relinquere. Nam Gallias per annos aliquot nunc seditio civilis, nunc fames, nunc mortalitas nimis afflixerat, postremo plaga illa, quae circa Nivalensem s. Gertrudis ecclesiam orta est, usque ad vitae desperationem terruerat (an epidemic sickness.) Reliquarum nationum plebes vel personae, aliae praeter apostolicum edictum prophetis quibusdam inter se nuper exortis seu signis caelestibus ac revelationibus ad terram se repromissionis vocatas, aliae se quibusvis incommoditatibus ad talia vota compulsos fatebantur: magna quippe pars eorum cum conjugibus ac prole totaque re familiari onusti proficiscebantur. Petrus Diac. in chron. Casin. lib. iv., c. 11: Fertur autem commotionem hanc apud Gallias occasione quorundam poenitentium principium accepisse. Qui videlicet propterea quod de innumeris sceleribus digne apud suos poenitere nequibant, et quod sine armis, utpote saeculares, inter notos conversari vehementer erubescebant, auctoritate atque consilio s. memoriae P. Urbani-ultramarinum iter ad sepulcrum Domini a Saracenis eripiendum, in poenitentiam et remissionem peccatorum suorum illis injunctum, fide promtissima se arripere spoponderunt, certi et indubii redditi, quod quicquid adversi, quicquid periculi, quicquid denique incommodi illis contingeret, loco poenitentiae a Domino recipiendum, etc. Willelm. Tyr. lib. i. (in Bongars i. 641): Nec tamen apud omnes erat in causa Dominus, et virtutum mater discretio votum excitabat : sed quidam ne amicos desererent, quidam ne desides haberentur, quidam sola levitatis causa, aut ut creditores suos-declinantes eluderent, aliis se adjungebant. Wilken i. 59.

10 From Urban's speech at Clermont, Willelm. Tyr. p. 640 : Interim vero eos, qui ardore, fidei ad expugnandos illos laborem istum assumserint, sub Ecclesiae defensione et bb. Petri et Pauli protectione, tanquam verae obedientiae filios recipimus, et ab universis inquietationibus, tam in rebus, quam in personis, statuimus manere securos. Si vero quisquam

he renewed at Clermont, in Philip's own dominions, the sentence of excommunication pronounced against this monarch, for his marriage with Bertrada,11 and, in the spirit of Gregory VII., abolished every trace which yet remained unremoved of the dependence of the clergy upon the laity.12 Wherever the molestare eos interim ausu temerario praesumserit, per Episcopum loci excommunicatione feriatur, et tamdiu sententia ab omnibus observatur, donec et ablata reddantur, et de illatis damnis congrue satisfiat. Compare again the story of the Chron. Casauriense, written about the year 1182, lib. v. init (in Muratorii scriptt. rer. Ital. II. ii., 872): Urbanus dolens, quia Saraceni occupaverant s. civitatem Hierusalem, -praedicavit remissionem peccatorum, et vice sibi tradita a Deo omnibus dedit, quicunqne Hierusalem tenderent, et civitatem et terram transmarinam, quae a Saracenis possidebatur, liberarent. Adjiciens etiam hoc, ut si quisquam in via, sive in pugna, pro Christo moreretur, in numero Martyrum absolutus ab omnibus peccatis suis computaretur. Et dum totus mundus post eum curreret, avidus remissionem peccatorum accipere, et in numero ss. Martyrum esse, contigit, ut hoc praedicans praedictus summus Pontifex devenerit Thyetum. Quod agnoscens Grimoaldus (Abbas monast. Casaur.) accessit ad eum, et expositis calamitatibus Ecclesiae suae et destructione funditus, cum maxima reverentia a praedicto P. Urbano susceptus est, et sub protectione Romanae Ecclesiae, quam hactenus Abbatia s. Clementis ignoraverat, quia ab Imperatoribus gubernabatur, meruit collocari. Hic primus ab illo in Abbatem consecratus, baculum pastoralem in loco sceptri regalis, quod antecessores sui, et ipse ex dono Imperatoris in dextera portabant, suscepit, etc. In the Chronicle this scene is represented as happening in the year 1098; on this occasion the following remarkable words are put into the mouth of Urban (p. 771): Caesaris ob sceptrum baculum tibi porrigo dextrum, Quo bene sis fretus: plus Caesare dat tibi Petrus.

11 With regard to the whole story, especially with a view to refute the idea which sprung up in the 15th century, that during Philip's excommunication the public documents were not inscribed regnante Philippo, but regnante Christo, see David Blondellus de formulae Regnante Christo in veterum monumentis usu. Amstelod. 1646. 4. p. 1--319.

12 The way was made for this in Concil. Melfitan. ann. 1090, can. 11 (Mansi xx. 723): Ne gravamen aliquod sancta patiatur Ecclesia, nullum jus laicis in clericos esse volumus et censemus. Unde cavendum est, ne servilis conditionis aut curialium officiorum obnoxii ab Episcopis promoveantur in clerum.-Quod si forte clericorum aliquis cujuslibet laici possessionibus usus fuerit, aut vicarium, qui debitum reddet, inveniat, aut possessione cedat, ne gravamen Ecclesiae inferatur. Can. Clarom. xvii.: Ne Episcopus vel Sacerdos Regi, vel alicui laico in manibus ligiam fidelitatem faciat. (According to Maimbourg, hist. de la décadence de l'Empire après Charlemagne, and de Marca de Conc.