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Upper Italy, where the political distraction of the country was advantageous to them, and where Milan's continued to be their

Italy. Their head-quarters, the Castle of Montségur, was taken in 1244 by Raymund VII., who was forced to this step (Schmidt 155): the party did not disappear from this country till the 14th century.

Thus in the year 1225 at Brescia ef. Honorii iii. epist. ad Episc. Ariminens. et Brixiensem (in Raynald ann. 1225 no. 47): In civitate Brixiae, quasi quodam haereticorum domicilio, ipsi haeretici et eorum fautores nuper in tantam vesaniam proruperunt, ut, armatis turribus contra Catholicas, non solumn Ecclesias quasdam destruxerint incendiis et ruinis, verum etiam, jactatis facibus ardentibus ex eisdem, ore blasphemo latrare praesumpserint, quod excommunicabant Romanam Ecclesiam etc. He commanded that the towers from which this outrage had been perpetrated should be destroyed: nevertheless opposition ensued, see Raumer's Gesch. d. Hohenstaufen, vi. 300, not. r. ex Regest. Honorii.-Gregory IX. in 1227 upbraids the whole of Lombardy for toleration of heretics (see Raumer iii. 417 ex Regest. Gregor.); compare Brother Wernher above § 55, note 25.-The herctics then enjoyed full toleration, in the territory of Ezzelinus da Romana, an utterly infidel prince (cf. Rolandus lib. vi. c. 5. in Muratori scriptt. rer. Ital. viii. 257), and Palavicini (cf. Annales Mediol. cap. 31. ad ann. 1259 in Muratori xvi. 662: Ubertus Marchio Pelavisinus, qui Fratrem Raynerium Ordinis Praedicatorum, Inquisitorem haereticorum, natione Placentinum de Mediolano ejici praecepit,-fuit dominus civitatum Mediolani, Cremonae, Placentiae, Papiae, Novariae, Vercellarum, Terdonae, Alexandriae, Cumarum et Brixiae. Iste in tantum fuit pestifer haereticus, quod in civitatibus, ubi dominabatur, haeretici publice suos errores praedicabant, scholas et doctores in Cathedris habebant. Nec poterat aliquis Inquisitor haereticorum officium inquisitionis facere. He himself publice fuit confessus, quod nihil credebat de fide christiana, nec alicui haeresi.)—About this time lived Armandus Pungilupus in Ferrara, who was honoured as a saint after his death († 1269), but at last in 1301, after a lapse of thirty years, he was declared by Boniface VIII. to have been a concealed Catharic. See the acts at full length in Muratori antiquitates Italicae medii aevi v. 93. Pseudo-Rainerius c. 3: In omnibus vero civitatibus Lombardiae et in Provincia, et in aliis regnis et terris plures erant scholae haereticorum quam theologorum, et plures auditores: qui publice disputabant, et populum ad solemnes disputationes convocabant, in foro et in campis praedicabant et in tectis et non erat, qui eos impedire auderet propter potentiam et multitudinem fautorum ipsorum.

15 Compare Frederick's II. charge against the Pope, above § 55, note 19 and 22.-Matth. Paris ann. 1236 p. 433: Erat civitas illa (Mediolanum) omnium haereticorum, Paterinorum, Luciferanorum, Publicanorum, Albigensium, usurariorum refugium et receptaculum. -Incertus auctor in Urstisii Germ. histor. ii. 90: Ann. Dom. MCCXXXI. facta est persequutio contra haereticos, hostes fidei, veritatis inimicos, quorum multitudo magna latitabat in populo Dei, in

principal abode. But they spread themselves also into the rest of Italy,16 as far as Spain, and throughout Germany;18 they

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civitatibus, oppidis et villis, subvertentes et in errorem mittentes quos poterant de Ecclesia Quorum plures comprehensi-et confessi sunt, -quod annualem censum transmittere solebant Mediolanum, ubi diversarum haeresium primatus agebatur. Trithemius in chron. Hirsaug. ann. 1230 had this passage before him, but he thus extends the last notice: Unum Mediolani erroris sui Patriarcham habebant, inter consimiles latitantem, cujus mandatis obtemperabant in omnibus, eum Christi vicarium esse dicentes, cui singulis annis ex omnibus locis atque provinciis-censum destinabant annuum.)-Matth. Paris ann. 1240. p. 542 Mediolanenses autem tunc temporis formidine poenae potius, quam virtutis amore, haereticos, qui civitatem suam pro magna parte inhabitabant, ut famam suam redimerent, et accusationi imperiali liberius responderent, combusserunt; quamobrem numerus civium nimis est mutilatus. However after 1259 full toleration was again establisht under Palavicini see Ann. Mediol. above note 14.

16 Particularly in Florence after 1228 where Philip Paternon was Bishop of the Cathari (Raumer iv. 187) ;—in Rome in the year 1231 (Raynald ad h. a. no. 13 ss.) :—in Viterbo 1235 (Raynald ad h. a. no. 15, from the antient Vita Gregorii IX. Ibi multos haereticos, quorum unus Joannes Beneventi Papa dicebatur,-damnavit);-in Scily: Frederici Imp. constitt. Sicul. lib. i. tit. i. (in the year -1231): Ab Italiae finibus, praesertim a partibus Longobardiac, in quibus pro certo perpendimus ipsorum nequitiam amplius abundare, jam usque ad regnum nostrum Siciliae suae perfidiae rivulos derivarunt.

17 Especially in Leon (Lucas Tudensis iii. c. 9), where they allowed Arnaldus one of their companions, as Lucas asserts, to be honoured as a saint by the people.--Matth. Paris ann. 1234. p. 395 speaks of an attack made by the Albigenses on the Christians of Spain, which however ended in a crusade and the complete extermination of the former.

18 Comp. Gesta Trevir. ad ann. 1231 (ed Wyttenbach et Müller i. 319) In the time of Conrad of Marburg it is stated, in ipsa civitate Treviri tres fuisse scholas haereticorum.-Et plures erant sectae, et multi earum instructi erant Scrupturis sanctis, quas habebant in theutonicum translatas.-Eo tempore (1238) Trevirensis Archiepiscopus (Theodericus) synodum tenuit, in qua ipse publice enunciavit, haereticos in sua dioecesi habere Episcopum, quem cognominassent secundum suum nomen Theodericum, et idem alibi fecisse de Episcopis locorum; itemque eos habere communiter Papam, quem secundum catholicae Ecclesiae Episcopum nuncuparent Gregorium, ut, si interrogarentur de fide, eam filem se habere dicerent, quam haberet Papa Gregorius, et ille Episcopus sic nominatus, nostrum nominantes et suum intendentes. Thus also Albericus chron. p. 569 relates of the Bulgri: habebant isti quasdam vetulas, quibus nomina subornata imposuerunt, ita ut una diceretur sancta Maria, altera Ecclesia sive lex Romana, altera sanctum Baptisma seu Matrimonium, sive sancta Communio vocabatur: et quando dicebant in examinatione: ego credo quicquid credit sancta

were very numerous in Bosnia and the adjoining countries, often the prevailing party,19 and they maintained in all lands a close connection with each other.20

Ecclesia seu lex Romana, eorum erat intentio ad illam vetulam, quam ipsi vocabant Ecclesiam, et sic de aliis.) In eadem synodo tres fuerunt haeretici praesentati, quorum duo sunt dimissi, unus exustus. In the brief in which Gregory IX. calls upon the Archbishop Theoderic to continue this persecution (in Hartzheim Concil. Germ. iii. 540), he complains, quod Teutonia, quae-catholicae viriditate fidei et operum pietate redolere consuevit hactenus et vigere, nunc apparet plena sentibus et foedata sordibus vitiorum. The Landgrave Conrad in the year 1233 destroyed many heretical Schools in the Hessian territory, and also an entire village Weilandsdorf now Willnsdorf in Siegenschen, because of its heresy, see the Reimchronik in Kuchenbecker's Analecta Hassiaca col. vi. p. 250. Pseudo- Rainerius c. 3. enumerates forty-one schools of heretics in the diocese of Passau.

19 Comp. § 87, note 34. Honorius III. in 1226 praises Colomannus, Dux Sclavoniae, for being willing to exterminate the heretics in Bosnia (Fejér codex diplomaticus Hungariae III. ii. 99), and censures Joannes ulterioris Sirmii dominus, for not entering on the crusade vowed against them (p. 101.) In the year 1233 the Bishop of Bosnia was deposed for heresy (p. 341) and Nicolsclavus, Dux de Bosna, whose predecessors were once addicted to heresy, renounced it on oath (p. 342.) In 1234 Gregory IX. sent a Legate to preach a crusade against heretics: tanta in Bosnia et vicinis provinciis excrevit copia perfidorum, quod jam tota terra velut deserta et invia luget et languet (p. 379, comp. 396 f.) Zibislaus, Knes v. Woscura, in 1236 is inter Principes Bosnensis dioecesis, infectos macula haereticae pravitatis, quasi lilium inter spinas (iv. i. 36.) In the year 1238 a new crusade was preacht against the Bosnian heretics in Hungary (p. 126.) Innocent IV. sent a Legate in 1243 to Croatia and Dalmatia, in order to exterminate pravitatis haereticae maculas, quibus terrae hujusmodi Ramis (?), sicut accepimus, sunt infectae. Innocent IV. ad Episc. Jauriensem etc. ann. 1247 (p. 467): tam Ecclesia quam dioecesis Bosnensis-totaliter lapsa est --in perfidiam haereticae pravitatis. Licet Archiepiscopus Colocensis -non sine magna effusione sanguinis, strage hominum, dispendiis rerum Ecclesiae Colccensis, quae temporale ibi dominium obtinuit, magnam partem illius terrae, abductis inde haereticorum multis millibus, expugnarit; quia tamen Ecclesiae munitiones et castra non fuerunt ibidem ita firmata, quod possent ab aggressoribus et obsidione defendi, terra illa in puritate fidei non potuit retineri. Ladislaus, King of Hungary, in 1280 renewed the old laws against heretics (V. iii. 35): in ducatu nostro ac dioecesi Bosnensi, et quibusdam adjacentibus terris diversae haereticae pravitatis sectae-in contumeliam Creatoris et fidei christianae opprobrium-jam dudum miserabiliter pullulasse, et damnabiliter excrevisse noscuntur.

20 Epist. Yvonis ad Giraldum Archiep. Burdegalensem (in Matth. Paris ann. 1243 p. 608 ss.) Yvo an ecclesiastic was as he states nself, though innocent, charged with heresy, he withdrew from

However in the course of the 12th century a schism in doctrine had already risen among the Cathari, which probably was examination by flight, and now actually joined the heretics. Multas proinde compulsus circuire provincias, Paterinis in civitate Cumea commorantibus conquerendo narravi, qualiter pro fide eorum (quam, Deo teste, nunquam didiceram, vel sequebar) precipitatis in me sententiis exulabam. Hoc illi audito gavisi sunt, et me felicem censuerunt, eo quod persecutionem propter justitiam tolerassem. Et ibidem apud eos tribus mensibus splendide ac voluptuose procurabar, et multos quotidie errores audiens subticebam. Meque beneficiis obligarunt ad promittendum sibi, quod ex tunc Christianis, cum quibus morosum possem habere colloquium, praedicarem persuadendo, quod in fide Petri neminem contingeret salvari, et hanc sententiam pertinaciter edocerem. Hocque mihi fide interposita promittenti, sua coeperunt secreta detegere, perhibentes, quod ex omnibus fere civitatibus Lombardiae, et quibusdam Tusciae, Parisios dociles transmisissent scholares, quosdam logicis cavillationibus, alios etiam theologicis dissertionibus insudantes, ad astruendos ipsorum errores, et professionem apostolicae fidei confutandem. Multos etiam mercatores hac intentione mittunt ad nundinas, ut pervertant divites laicos commensales et hospites, cum quibus loquendi familiariter indulgetur facultas.-Cumque a praedictis fratribus degeneribus licentiam petiissem, miserunt me Mediolanum, a suis comprofessoribus hospitandum. Et sic omnes pertransiens civitates Lombardiae circa Padum, semper inter Paterinos, semper in recessu accepi ab aliis ad alios intersigna. Cremonam tandem perveniensnobilissima Paterinorum bibi vina, rabiolas, et ceratia, et alia illecebrosa comedens, deceptores decipiens, Paterinumque me profitens, sed Deo teste, fide, etsi non operis perfectione, Christianus existens. Cremonaeque per triduum commoratus, accepta licentia a complicibus, sed maledictione (so he now calls the benediction he had received) a quodam ipsorum Episcopo,-nomine Petro Gallo, inde-canales Aquilegiae sum ingressus peregrinans. Carinthiam pertransivi solivagus, ac deinde in quodam oppido Austriae, quod teutonice Neustat dicitur,inter quosdam novos religiosos, qui Beguini vocantur, hospitabar. Et in proxima civitate Wienna locisque circumjacentibus aliquot annis delitui, opera confundens, heu, heu, bona et mala: vivens enim, diabolo instigante, satis incontinenter, animae meae noxius adversabar; multos veruntamen ab errore Paterinorum revocans jam saepius memorato.— Rainerii Summa in Martene thesaurus v. p. 1767: Sunt autem xvi. omnes Ecclesiae Catharorum.-Ecclesia Albanensis, vel de Donnezacho (probably Donzenac in Limosin); Ecclesia de Concorrezo; Eccl. Bajolensium, sive de Bajolo; Eccl. Vincentina (Vicenza) sive de Marchia; Eccl. Florentina; Eccl. de Valle Spoletana; Eccl. Franciae; Eccl. Tolosana; Eccl. Carcassonensis; Eccl. Albigensis; Eccl. Selavoniae; Eccl. Latinorum de Constantinopoli; Eccl. Graecorum ibidem; Eccl. Philadelphiae in Romania; Eccl. Burgaliae (al. Bulgariae); Eccl. Dugunthiae (al. Dugunithiae, al. Dugranicae, probably Druguriae, the same as Tragurii, see above § 87. note 18); et omnes habuerunt originem de duabus ultimis.—

caused by their connexion with the Greek heretics in Thrace made requisite by the Crusades.21 Just as there the Bogomili had sprung up by the side of the strongly dualist Paulicians, so among the western Cathari, by the side of the strong Dualists called in Italy Albanensians,22 a party was formed in connexion with the Bogomili, which endeavoured by the assumption of a

21 The first traces of this schism may be seen, in Bonacursus above § 87. note 32. and Petrus Valissarn. § 87. note 28. That the Bogomili contributed to the rise of the new party, which denied absolute Dualism, may be inferred both from their uniformity with them in doctrine, and also from this fact, that a certain Nazarius, between 1180 and 1200, brought the so-called Catharic Gospel of John from Bulgaria into Italy, see below note 23.

22 Rainerius in Martene thes. v., 1761. Secta Catharorum divisa est in tres partes, sive sectas principales, quarum prima vocatur Albanenses, secunda Concorrezenses, tertia Bajolenses: et hi omnes sunt in Lombardia. Caeteri vero Cathari, sive sint in Tuscia, sive in Marchia, vel in Provincia, non discrepant in opinionibus a praedictis Catharis, sive ab aliquibus eorum. Rainerius calls the three parties after their three chief communities in Upper Italy, namely those in Alba (on the Tanaro in Piedmont, this party had its chief community in Southern France in Donzenac), in Correggio (in the dukedom of Modena), and Bagnolo in Brescia (Bagnolum, vicus agri Brixiensis, Jacob. Volaterranus in Muratori xxiii., 199. Brixia, haereticorum domicilium, see above note 15). Moneta on the other hand is not acquainted with these names, but distinguishes between two chief parties of the Cathari, illi qui duo asserunt principia, and illi qui ponunt unum principium. The doctrines of the Albanensians may be seen in Rainerius p. 1768, but much more fully in Moneta, who confutes them in lib. i. comp. the latter p. 3: Duo asserunt principia sine initio et sine fine. Unum dicunt patrem Christi et omnium justorum, et Deum lucis. Alium vero Deum credunt esse illum, de quo Christus ait Joan. 14, 30: Venit enim Princeps mundi hujus etc. Istum credunt esse Deum excaecantem mentes infidelium et Deum tenebrarum.-Credunt etiam, quod iste sit Deus, de quo ait Moyses Genes. c. 1.: in principio creavit Deus caelum et terram etc, et ea, de quibus habetur in Pentateucho, in lib. Josuae, et Judicum, et Ruth, Regum, et Paralipomenon, credunt ab eo dicta et facta fuisse. Exceptis sexdecim Prophetis, et Psalmis, et quinque libris Salomonis, totam scripturam veteris Testamenti credunt ab eo esse; quidam tamen eorum Job recipiunt, et totum Esdram, sicut praedictos Prophetas, et quinque libros praenotatos. Isti credunt, visibilia ista et transitoria esse ab illo per creationem. E converso credunt, Deum patrem Christi et justorum esse creatorem permanentium tantum et aeternorum, et credunt, quod ipse alia sua quatuor elementa creaverit, et omnia, quae in eis sunt, et suos caelos, et quod ornaverit sole alio, quam sit iste visibilis, et alia luna, et aliis stellis (this loftier creation is called by them according to p. 42 Jerusalem caeleste.) Dicunt

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