THE

ANCIENT HISTORY

OF

THE EGYPTIANS, CARTHAGINIANS, ASSYRIANS
BABYLONIANS, MEDES AND PERSIANS,
GRECIANS, AND MACEDONIANS.

BY M. ROLLIN,

LATE PRINCIPAL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF PARIS, PROFESSOR OF ELOQUENCE IN THE ROYAL
COLLEGE, AND MEMBER OF THE ROYAL ACADEMY OF INSCRIPTIONS
AND BELLES-LETTRES.

TRANSLATED FROM THE FRENCH.

THE EIGHTEENTH EDITION.

REVISED, CORRECTED, AND ILLUSTRATED WITH MAPS.

IN SIX VOLUMES.

VOL. III.

LONDON:

WILLIAM TEGG AND CO.,

85, QUEEN STREET, CHEAPSIDE.

MDCCCLIX,

STEREOTYPED AND PRINTED BY JOHN CHILDS AND SON,

CONTENTS OF VOL. III.

BOOK VIII.

CHAP. I.

SECT. I. The very short reigns of Xerxes II. and Sogdianus.

They are succeeded by Darius Nothus. He puts a stop to the

insurrection of Egypt and that of Media. He bestows on Cyrus,

his youngest son, the supreme command of all Asia Minor.

SECT. II. The Athenians make themselves masters of the island of

Cythera. Expeditions of Brasidas into Thrace. He takes Am-

phipolis. Thucydides the historian is banished. A battle is

fought near Delium, where the Athenians are defeated

SECT. III. A twelvemonth's truce is agreed upon between the two

states. Death of Cleon and Brasidas. A treaty of peace for

fifty years concluded between the Athenians and Lacedæmonians

SECT. IV. Alcibiades begins to appear in public. His character.

He opposes Nicias in every thing, and breaks the treaty he had

concluded. The banishment of Hyperbolus puts an end to the

Ostracism

SECT. V. Alcibiades engages the Athenians in the war of Sicily

SECT. VI. Account of the several people who inhabited Sicily

SECT. VII. The people of Egesta implore aid of the Athenians.

Nicias opposes, but to no purpose, the war of Sicily. Alcibiades

carries that point. They both are appointed generals with

Lamachus

SECT. VIII. The Athenians prepare to set sail. Sinister omens.

The statues of Mercury are mutilated. Alcibiades is accused,

and insists upon his being tried, but his request is not granted.

Triumphant departure of the fleet

SECT. IX. Syracuse is alarmed. The Athenian fleet arrives in Sicily 32

SECT. X. Alcibiades is recalled. He flies, and is sentenced to die

for contumacy. He retires to Sparta. Flexibility of his genius

and disposition

SECT. XI. Description of Syracuse

SECT. XII. Nicias, after some engagements, besieges Syracuse.

Lamachus is killed in a battle. The city is reduced to the great-

est extremities

SECT. XIII. The Syracusans resolve to capitulate, but Gylippus's

arrival changes the face of affairs. Nicias is forced by his col-

leagues to engage in a sea-fight, and is overcome. His land-

forces are also defeated

SECT. XIV. The consternation with which the Athenians are

seized. They again hazard a sea-fight, and are defeated. They

resolve to retire by land. Being close pursued by the Syracu-

sans, they surrender. Nicias and Demosthenes are sentenced to

die, and executed. The effect which the news of the defeat of

the army produces in Athens

CHAP. II.

SECT. I. Consequences of the defeat of the Athenians in Sicily.

Revolt of the allies. Alcibiades grows into great power with

Tissaphernes

34

SECT. II. The return of Alcibiades to Athens negotiated, upon con-

dition of establishing the aristocratical, in the room of the demo-

cratical government. Tissaphernes concludes a new treaty with

the Lacedæmonians

SECT. III. The whole authority of the Athenian government having

been vested in four hundred persons, they make a tyrannical

abuse of their power, and are deposed. Alcibiades is recalled.

After various accidents, and several considerable victories, he re-

turns in triumph to Athens, and is appointed generalissimo. He

causes the great mysteries to be celebrated, and departs with the

fleet

SECT. IV. The Lacedæmonians appoint Lysander admiral. He

acquires great influence with the younger Cyrus, who commanded

in Asia. He beats the Athenian fleet near Ephesus in the absence

of Alcibiades, who is deprived of the command. Ten generals

are chosen in his stead. Callicratidas succeeds Lysander

SECT. V. Callicratidas is defeated by the Athenians near the Argi-

nusæ. The Athenians pass sentence of death upon several of

their generals for not having brought off the bodies of those who

had been slain in battle. Socrates alone has the courage to op-

pose so unjust a sentence

SECT. VI. Lysander commands the Lacedæmonian fleet. Cyrus

is recalled to court by his father. Lysander gains a celebrated

victory over the Athenians at Ægospotamos

SECT. VII. Athens, besieged by Lysander, capitulates and sur-

renders. Lysander changes the form of government, and estab-

lishes thirty commanders in it. He sends Gylippus before him to

Sparta, with all the gold and silver taken from the enemy. De-

cree of Sparta upon the use to be made of it. The Peloponne-

sian war ends in this manner. Death of Darius Nothus

BOOK IX.

CHAP. I.

SECT. I. Coronation of Artaxerxes Mnemon. Cyrus attempts to

assassinate his brother, and is sent into Asia Minor. Cruel re-

venge of Statira, wife of Artaxerxes, upon the authors and ac-

complices in the murder of her brother. Death of Alcibiades.

His character

SECT. II. The Thirty exercise the most horrid cruelties at Athens.

They put Theramenes, one of their colleagues, to death. Socrates

takes his defence upon himself. Thrasybulus attacks the tyrants,

makes himself master of Athens, and restores its liberty

SECT. III. Lysander abuses his power in an extraordinary manner.

He is recalled to Sparta upon the complaint of Pharnabazus

CHAP. II.

104

108

114

120

The younger Cyrus, with the aid of the Grecian troops, endeavours

to dethrone his brother Artaxerxes. He is killed in battle.

mous retreat of the Ten Thousand

SECT. I. Cyrus raises troops secretly against his brother Artax-

erxes. Thirteen thousand Greeks join him. He sets out from

Sardis, and arrives at Babylonia, after a march of more than six

months

Fa-

123

124

SECT. II. The battle of Cunaxa: the Greeks are victorious on their

side Artaxerxes on his : Cyrus is killed

129

Page

SECT. IV. The king wishes to compel the Greeks to deliver up their

arms. They resolve to die rather than surrender themselves. A

treaty is made with them. Tissaphernes takes upon him to con-

duct them back to their own country. He treacherously seizes

Clearchus and four other generals, who are all put to death.

SECT. V. Retreat of the Ten Thousand Greeks from the province of

Babylon as far as Trębisond.

144

SECT. VI. The Greeks, after having undergone excessive fatigues,

and surmounted many dangers, arrive upon the sea-coast opposite

to Byzantium. They pass the strait, and engage in the service of

Seuthes, prince of Thrace. Xenophon afterwards repasses the

sea with his troops, advances to Pergamus, and joins Thimbron,

general of the Lacedæmonians, who was marching against Tissa-

phernes and Pharnabazus

SECT. VII. Consequences of Cyrus's death in the court of Artax-

erxes. Cruelty and jealousy of Parysatis. Statira poisoned

CHAP. III.

SECT. I. The Grecian cities of Ionia implore aid of the Lacedæmo-

nians against Artaxerxes. Rare prudence of a lady continued in

her husband's government after his death. Agesilaus elected

king of Sparta. His character

SECT. II. Agesilaus sets out for Asia. Lysander falls out with him,

and returns to Sparta. His ambitious designs to alter the suc-

cession to the throne

SECT. III. Expedition of Agesilaus in Asia. Disgrace and death

of Tissaphernes. Sparta gives Agesilaus the command of its

armies by sea and land. He deputes Pisander to command the

fleet. Interview of Agesilaus and Pharnabazus

SECT. IV. League against the Lacedæmonians. Agesilaus recalled

by the Ephori to defend his country, obeys directly. Lysander's

death. Victory of the Lacedæmonians near Nemæa. Their fleet

is beaten by Conon off Cnidus. Battle gained by the Lacedæmo-

nians at Coronæa .

137

150

155

158

166

171

. 177

SECT. V. Agesilaus returns victorious to Sparta. He always retains

his simplicity and ancient manners. Conon rebuilds the walls of

Athens. A peace, disgraceful to the Greeks, concluded by Antal-

cidas the Lacedæmonian

SECT. VI. War of Artaxerxes against Evagoras king of Salamis.

Eulogy and character of that prince. Tiribazus falsely accused.

His accuser punished

SECT. VII. The expedition of Artaxerxes against the Cadusians.

History of Datames the Carian

CHAP. IV.

History of Socrates abridged

SECT. I. Birth of Socrates. He applies at first to sculpture; then

to the study of the sciences. His wonderful progress in them.

His taste for moral philosophy. His manner of living, and suf-

ferings from the ill-humour of his wife.

SECT. II. Of the dæmon, or familiar spirit of Socrates

SECT. III. Socrates declared the wisest of mankind by the oracle

of Delphi

SECT. IV. Socrates devotes himself entirely to the instruction of the

youth of Athens. Affection of his disciples for him. The admi-

rable principles with which he inspires them, both with respect to

government and religion

185

191