13. imperatoris: i.e. Lucullus.

14. ex sermone rumor: the common talk, lit. rumor from conversation. 15. offensione: disaster.

16. incommodis: H. 424, 3; A. 367, b; G. 346, N. 4; B. 187, II, a; (H. 385, N. 3).

potuisset potential subjunctive, in the apodosis of a conditional construction contrary to fact, with the condition implied. Ordinarily the indicative of possum would be used in such a case. H. 583, 1; LM. 940; A. 517, c;

G. 597, R. 3; B. 304, 3, a; (H. 511, I, N. 3).

17. modum statuendum: that a limit should be set.

18. vetere exemplo: ablative of cause; the true reasons for the recall of Lucullus, the disaffection of his army and the intrigues of his enemies, are purposely omitted.

stipendiis confecti erant: had been worn out by their campaigns.

19. Glabrioni: M'. Acilius Glabrio; see Introduction, p. 155.

20. ea: them, referring to Multa, but explained by quantum illud . . putetis.

coniectura: by inference, i.e. from what I have said, see by inference what I have purposely omitted.

...

21. quod coniungant . . . renovent . . . suscipiant . . . accipiat: recapitulation, showing the greatness and importance of the war.

coniungant: wage conjointly.

23. integrae gentes: fresh races, i.e. those not previously engaged. novus imperator: i.e. Glabrio.

Give the story of Medea and Jason. Find out definitely the reasons for the recall of Lucullus.

The Choice of a Commander

Page 168, line 2.

CHAPTER 10.— dicendum esse videatur: equal to

dicendum sit, a somewhat favorite pleonasm with Cicero.

3. Utinam . . . haberetis: H. 558, 1; LM. 712; A. 441; G. 260, 261; B. 279, 2; (H. 483, 1 and 2).

innocentium: not innocent, but honest, incorruptible.

8. antiquitatis memoriam: the records of antiquity, i.e. the glory of the ancients. In this passage Cicero puts Pompey above Alexander, Hannibal, and other famous generals. We must remember that this is simply “campaign talk."

9. cuiusquam in a question implying a negative. H. 513; LM. 1071; A. 312; G. 317; B. 252, 4; (II. 457).

10. sic: explained by the following infinitive clause.

in summo imperatore: in a commander of the first rank.

12. virtutem: generalship, i.e. the natural endowments needed to give success in war. Generals, like poets, are "born, not made."

13. Quis igitur: who then? This question introduces the discussion of the first of the four topics just mentioned, scientiam rei militaris.

scientior: i.e. rei militaris.

14. bello... hostibus: ablative absolute, denoting an attendant cir

cumstance.

15. ad patris exercitum: Pompey commenced his military career under his father, Cn. Pompeius Strabo, in the Social war, 89 B.C. He was then seventeen years of age.

17. summi imperatoris: i.e. of his father, then serving against Cinna in the Civil war.

18. ipse imperator: at the age of twenty-three Pompey raised three legions of volunteers in Picenum, and at the head of this force proffered his services to Sulla, who saluted him with the title of Imperator.

19. hoste, inimico: distinguish between these synonyms. 21. confecit: has subdued.

ad scientiam est erudita: has been trained to the knowledge.

22. suis imperiis: by his experience in command. Plutarch (Pomp. 22) tells us that when Pompey appeared before the censors in 70 B.C., leading the horse which he, in the capacity of a knight, had received from the state, and was asked the usual question, whether he had served the number of campaigns required by law, he proudly replied, "I have served them all, and that too under my own supreme command."

24. triumphis: Pompey had already twice enjoyed the honor of a triumph, in the year 81 B.C., at the age of twenty-five, for his victories in Africa, and ten years later, for his victories in Spain.

26. Civile: as noted above, Pompey had taken part in the Social war in his father's army, and had held a command under Sulla. He subsequently conquered Carbo, a partisan of Marius, in Sicily.

Africanum in the year 82 B.C. Pompey crossed into Africa and subdued the Marian forces, which were in alliance with Hiarbas, king of Numidia. Transalpinum: in 76 B.C. Pompey, while on his way to Spain, conquered several Gallic tribes who opposed his march.

Hispaniense: the war in Spain against Sertorius; see note on Pompei, p. 160, line 12.

mixtum ex ... nationibus: explanatory of Hispaniense bellum. On the side of Sertorius were Romans, Spaniards of various tribes, and troops sent by Mithridates.

27. servile: the war against Spartacus and his bands of gladiators and slaves. Pompey on his way back from Spain fell in with a detachment of several thousand fugitives from the defeated army of Spartacus and slaughtered them without mercy.

navale: the war against the pirates, also called maritimum bellum, p. 161, 1. 22; see note on that passage.

30. in usu... militari: in the range of military experience, lit. placed in. What is the force of the different tenses of the subjunctive in wishes? What entitled a Roman general to a triumph?

Page 169, line 1. CHAPTER II.-Iam vero: but further, moreover, used especially in transitions to more important subjects.

virtuti: generalship. Virtus, in the discussion of this topic, with the leading idea of valor, is used in a very comprehensive sense, embracing the natural endowments which are essential in a great commander, the military gift, ability in war. 3. cuiquam inauditum: dative of agent.

Neque enim. . . solae virtutes: for those are not the only qualifications. The others are mentioned in Chapter 13.

4. quae vulgo existimantur: which are usually so regarded.

7. quae tanta sunt, quanta non fuerunt: and these qualities are greater than they have been, lit. as great as they have not been.

9. Italia: i.e. in the Civil war. The wars mentioned above are here enumerated again in the same order and more fully explained.

13. oppressa: when overrun.

eorum ipsorum sanguine: with the blood of those very enemies. Out of a force of 20,000, according to Plutarch, only 3000 survived the battle.

16. Hispania: as a matter of fact, Pompey had little success in Spain until the death of Sertorius. He was saved from complete defeat several times only by the timely help of his lieutenant Metellus Pius.

17. iterum et saepius: again and again.

18. taetro: disgraceful, because waged against gladiators and slaves. 19. absente: i.e. in Spain.

quod bellum: and this war.

21. adventu. . . sepultum: this is extravagant and undeserved praise. Pompey, arriving from Spain just after Spartacus and his whole army had been defeated by Marcus Crassus, gained an easy victory over 5000 fugitives who had escaped from the battlefield.

nunc pointing to the more recent events in the war with the pirates, in contrast with the earlier and less important exploits referred to just before.

23. maria omnia: i.e. the different seas composing the Mediterranean, or connected with it, as the Adriatic, the Aegean, etc., the scene of the war against the pirates.

cum universa, tum: not only in their whole extent, but also.

24. Quis: H. 511, 1; LM. 286; A. 148, N.; G. 106, R.; B. 90, 2, c; (H. 454, 1).

27. servitutis: captives were usually sold as slaves.

28. hieme in winter, when there was less danger from pirates, but more from storm and shipwreck.

referto mari: ablative absolute.

praedonum: H. 453, 5; LM. 573; A. 349, a; G. 374, N. 1; B. 204, I; (H. 399, I, 3).

Page 170, line 1.- tam vetus: the war against the pirates extended over a period of more than twenty years.

tam late divisum: so widely extended.

2. arbitraretur: H. 554, 3; 557; LM. 720; A. 444; G. 259; (H. 485, N. 1; 486, II).

6. Cui praesidio fuistis: whom have you protected? Note the common construction of two datives with the same verb.

7. Quam multas captas urbes: the number is said by Plutarch to have reached four hundred. The pirates had at one time one thousand vessels under their command.

Give an account of Pompey's war with the pirates.

IO. CHAPTER 12.- Fuit: how does this differ from erat?

11. populi: H. 435, 4; LM. 573; A. 385, c; G. 359, R. I; B. 204, 2; (H. 391, II, 4).

a domo: H. 462, 2 and 4; LM. 608, 606; A. 428, a; G. 390, 2, N. 4; B. 229, 2; (H. 412, II, 1 and 3).

12. propugnaculis imperii: with the bulwarks of their power, i.e. with their army and navy.

sua: their own, referring to populi Romani.

13. Sociis ego nostris: note the emphasis here.

14. dicam: subjunctive in a deliberative question.

Brundisio: a town on the eastern coast of Italy, the usual port of embarkation for the East; now Brindisi.

15. hieme summa: in midwinter.

transmiserint: subjunctive in a clause involving the idea of cause. 16. captos: infinitive without esse.

dent of Qui.

The subject is the omitted antece

legati: a scholiast on this passage says, Legatum quendam oppressum a piratis pretio uxor liberavit, but we have no other authority for this statement. Very likely the plural (legati) is merely rhetorical, as also in liberos, 1. 25 below.

18. duodecim secures: two praetors, lit. twelve axes, the symbols of office, by metonymy for the officers. In the provinces each praetor was attended by six lictors with the fasces. Plutarch mentions these praetors under the names of Sextilius and Vellinus.

19. Cnidum: a city in Caria.

Colophonem: a city in Lydia, northeast of Ephesus.

Samum: a city on the island of Samos, off the coast of Asia Minor.

22. vitam. . . ducitis: you derive life and breath, i.e. the grain with which to support life. Sicily, Sardinia, and Africa were the countries from which Rome received her chief supplies of grain.

23. Caietae: a town and harbor on the coast of Latium, now Gaëta, Italy's most important naval station.

celeberrimum: very much frequented.

24. inspectante praetore: it is not known who this praetor was. 25. Miseno a town and harbor on the coast of Campania. eius ipsius liberos, qui: the child of that very one who. Plutarch says that a daughter of Antonius was carried off by the pirates. This is undoubtedly the case to which Cicero refers, as liberos may be used rhetorically for a single child. The Antonius referred to was probably M. Antonius, the orator, who triumphed over the pirates in 102 B.C.

:

27. Ostiense of or at Ostia, the port of Rome at the mouth of the Tiber. The pirates are said even to have burned the ships in the harbor of Ostia.

classis ea...

Page 171, line 1. — cum oppressa est: cf. this use of the indicative with the subjunctive noted above, transmiserint, p. 170, l. 15. cui consul praepositus esset: relative clause of characteristic. consul was is not known.

3. tantamne note the emphatic position of tantam.
6. ii: the antecedent of qui and in apposition with vos.

Who the

Cf. the common

use of is as antecedent of a relative, e.g. tu es is qui me laudasti.

7. Oceani ostium: the Straits of Gibraltar. The phrase is used to harmonize with ostium Tiberinum.

9. a me rare use of the ablative of agent with the participle in -dus instead of the dative.