the fable of Orpheus, whom the poets feign not only to have charmed wild beasts, but even to have moved trees and rocks by the power of his music.

12. moveamur: deliberative subjunctive.

13. Homerum: Homer, the celebrated epic poet of Greece. Seven different cities claimed the honor of being his birthplace.

Colophonii: the people of Colophon, a city of Ionia, in Asia Minor.

Chii: the people of Chios, a city on the island of Chios, now Scio, in the Aegean Sea.

14. Salaminii: the people of Salamis, a city on the island of Cyprus. Smyrnaei: the people of Smyrna, in Ionia.

16. permulti alii: the three other cities generally named in this connection are Athens, Rhodes, and Argos.

pugnant inter se: i.e. for the honor of being regarded as his birthplace.

18. CHAPTER 9.-alienum: a foreigner.

20. noster: our fellow-citizen.

olim: long ago.

22. Cimbricas res attigit: he attempted the subject of the Cimbrian war, i.e. the victories of Marius over the Cimbri, 102 B.C.

23. durior ad: somewhat insensible to, i.e. incapable of appreciating. Marius was a rough, uneducated soldier, schooled only in the camp and on the battle-field, as he himself boasted.

25. qui non patiatur: as not to allow, a relative clause of result.

27. Themistoclem: Themistocles, the celebrated Athenian statesman and general, the hero of Salamis.

Page 200, line 1.- eius a quo .

praedicaretur: object of dixisse.

2. L. Plotium: Lucius Plotius, a Roman rhetorician, the first to found a school of rhetoric in which declamation was practiced in Latin.

3. ea quae gesserat: note the indicative, though in indirect discourse. The relative clause is simply explanatory, equivalent to res gestas suas.

4. Mithridaticum bellum: the Mithridatic war, waged by the Romans against Mithridates, king of Pontus.

in multa varietate: with many vicissitudes.

5. totum this seems to be a rhetorical exaggeration, as the poem of Archias is said to have described only that part of the war when Lucius Lucullus was in command, from 73 B.C. to 66 B.C. The entire war occupied twenty-six years.

ab hoc: by him, i.e. by Archias, spoken doubtless with a gesture toward his client.

6. qui libri: and these books, i.e. the several books into which the poem was divided.

8. Lucullo imperante: with Lucullus as their commander, ablative absolute.

9. Pontum: an important country in Asia Minor, south of the Euxine Sea.

ipsa natura: Pontus had the Euxine Sea upon the north, and was inclosed upon the other sides by mountains. It was also guarded by seventy-five fortresses; natura et regione, hendiadys.

II. Armeniorum . . . fudit: in the year 69 B.C., in the battle before Tigrano-certa, the capital of Armenia, southeast of Pontus, Lucullus, with a small force of eleven or twelve thousand, defeated King Tigranes with a force twenty times as large.

12. urbem Cyzicenorum: Cyzicus, a city of Mysia, on the Propontis, besieged by Mithridates, was relieved by Lucullus.

14. nostra feretur et praedicabitur: will be reported and celebrated as ours; nostra agrees with pugna, the subject of the two verbs.

17. Tenedum: Tenedos, an island on the coast of Asia Minor, near which Lucullus gained a signal naval victory, 73 B.C.

18. Quae quorum . . . efferuntur: by whose genius these deeds are celebrated. The antecedent of quorum is iis in the next line. In rendering, begin with the antecedent clause.

20. Africano superiori: to Africanus the Elder.

21. in sepulcro: in the sepulchre; see the illustration of the sarcopha

gus.

esse constitutus ex marmore: to have been sculptured in marble. Livy speaks of three statues in the tomb of the Scipios, one of which was said to be that of Ennius. When the tomb was discovered, in 1780, it was found to contain two busts, but it is not known whom they represent.

Page 201, line 1. cuius laudibus: i.e. by the praises bestowed by Ennius upon the elder Africanus.

3. huius proavus Cato: Cato the great-grandfather of this Cato, i.e. of Cato Uticensis; huius probably denotes that he was present in court, and in that case a gesture would accompany the word. The great-grandfather was Cato the Censor; see note on M. Catonem, p. 197, 1. 28.

tollitur: i.e. by the praises of Ennius.

4. Maximi, Marcelli, Fulvii: these are all illustrious names praised by

Ennius. Q. Fabius Maximus baffled Hannibal by delay; M. Claudius Marcellus took Syracuse; M. Fulvius Nobilior conquered the Aetolians in 189 B.C. and took Ennius with him on this expedition.

What did Ennius write? Have we any of his poems to-day?

8. CHAPTER 10.- fecerat: remember that a poet is a maker (πoińτns). Rudinum hominem: i.e. Ennius, a native of Rudiae, a small village in Calabria; it is here in contrast with Heracliensem, of Heraclea, an important city.

9. in civitatem receperunt: admitted to citizenship.

10. in hac: i.e. civitate.

12. Nam si quis, etc.: a reason for the negative answer which the preceding question requires.

Graecis versibus: Archias wrote in Greek, and Ennius in Latin. 14. Graeca leguntur: Greek is read; lit. Greek things.

the singular in English, or we may say Greek works are read.

We should use

15. exiguis sane: small, as every one knows. These limits would include Latium and the Roman colonies. Greek was spoken in southern Italy, Tuscan or Gallic, in northern.

17. pervenerint: subjunctive in an indirect clause.

18. populis: dative depending upon ampla.

:

19. haec these things, i.e. to have one's deeds celebrated in literary works, and thus published to the world.

ampla: honorable.

iis: construe with hoc . . . laborum.

20. de vita: at the peril of life.

21. periculorum incitamentum: inducement to encounter perils; incitamentum is not elsewhere found in any writer of the Ciceronian age.

multos scriptores: among these may be mentioned Aristobulus, Ptolemaeus, Anaximenes, Callisthenes, and Clitarchus. Their works are, however, all lost; but those of Aristobulus and Ptolemaeus were extant in the second century of the Christian era, and furnished the materials for Arrian's history of the campaigns of Alexander.

22. magnus ille Alexander: Alexander the Great, king of Macedonia. 23. Sigeo: a promontory on the coast of Troy, where ancient tradition placed the graves of Achilles and Patroclus.

Achilles: the hero of the Iliad of Homer.

25. qui... inveneris: relative clause of cause. Et vere: what verb is understood?

27. obruisset: force of mood and tense?

Page 202, line 1.-noster hic Magnus: hic, in distinction from magnus ille Alexander above. Cn. Pompey, surnamed Magnus, is meant. In rendering begin with nonne.

2. Theophanem: Theophanes, a learned Greek of Mitylene on the island of Lesbos, accompanied Pompey on his expeditions in the East, and wrote a history of his campaigns.

3. in contione donavit: citizenship was often thus conferred.

4. rustici: uncultivated.

5. eiusdem laudis: this refers to the praise bestowed by Theophanes upon Pompey and his army.

7. ut... donaretur: substantive clause, object of perficere.

9. potuit: explain the use of the indicative in the conclusion of a condition contrary to fact.

Sulla L. Cornelius Sulla, a celebrated Roman general, conspicuous in the civil war with Marius.

10. petentem repudiasset: participle with conditional force. H. 638, 2; LM. 1017, e; A. 521, a; G. 593, 2; B. 305, 1; (H. 549, 2). If this protasis were expressed with si, what mood and tense of peto would be used? quem: the man whom, i.e. Sulla.

II. libellum: a writing, manuscript.

poeta de populo: a poet from the common people, i.e. obscure, unknown. 12. quod . . . fecisset: an epigram which he had made in his praise; lit. which epigram he had made, etc.

tantum modo... longiusculis: only with alternate verses somewhat longer, i.e. it was in the elegiac distich, composed of alternate hexameters and pentameters, and this was its only merit. Cicero does not mean to criticise the verse, but simply to say that the epigram was mere verse, and not poetry.

13. ex iis rebus . . . vendebat: i.e. from the confiscated property of proscribed citizens, which he was then selling.

15. Qui: the antecedent is the omitted subject of expetisset.

17. in scribendo: these words belong to copiam as well as to virtutem. 18. Q. Metello Pio: see notes on Q. Metello Numidico and Pio filio, p. 193, l. 10.

Page 203, line 2.- Qui . . . cuperet: especially since he (Metellus) so much desired to have his exploits recorded.

3. Cordubae natis: born at Cordova, a town in Spain. Who these poets were is not known. Afterward Cordova produced the poet Lucan and the two Senecas.

pingue quiddam peregrinum: though uttering something dull and provincial.

5. CHAPTER II.-hoc: this, i.e. trahimur omnes studio laudis, etc.

6. prae nobis ferendum: must be openly acknowledged.

7. optimus quisque: H. 515, 2; LM. 1069; A. 313, b; G. 318, 2; B. 252, 5; (H. 458, 1).

9. in eo ipso in that very instance, equivalent to in ea ipsa re.

10. despiciunt: state their contempt for.

praedicari de se ac nominari: to be spoken of and named.

11. Decimus Brutus: one of the most distinguished generals of his age. He was consul 138 B.C., and conquered the Lusitanians. He is said to have erected temples and other public edifices from the spoils of war. Among these was a temple of Mars with a statue of that god by the sculptor Scopas. 12. Acci: L. Accius, a Roman tragic poet, a friend of Brutus. 14. ille Fulvius: M. Fulvius Nobilior; see note on p. 201, 1. 4. 15. Martis: of Mars, the god of war, but by metonymy for belli. Musis: Fulvius erected a temple in Rome to Hercules and the Muses, and adorned it with the spoils brought from Greece. Among these spoils was the celebrated painting of the Muses by Zeuxis.

16. prope armati: almost with arms in their hands, i. e. immediately after their return from war.

18. togati: in the garb of peace; contrasted with armati.

a honore abhorrere: to disregard the honor.

20. id: i.e. what is implied in non debent ... abhorrere.

me vobis indicabo: I will betray myself to you, a playful remark.

21. quodam amore gloriae: quodam is here used to soften the expression amore gloriae, which would otherwise be very strong.

23. vobiscum simul: together with you. The jurors, as the representatives of the conservative party, are here addressed as those who had aided and supported him in his consulship.

25. attigit hic versibus: he (Archias) has undertaken to celebrate in The undertaking was, however, probably never consummated.

verse.

26. Quibus: this refers to versibus, i.e. the verses already composed.

Page 204, line 1. — hanc: i.e. this reward.

laudis: appositional genitive; cf. poetae nomen, p. 199, l. 9.

4. si nihil . . . in posterum: if the soul did not look forward at all into the future, i.e. had no anticipations of the future.

5 isdem: i.e. regionibus, by the same limits.