18. aequo animo paratoque with equanimity and readiness, lit. with an even and prepared mind.

neque turpis mors forti viro, etc. : because to die bravely was, in the opinion of the Romans, an honor.

19. neque immatura consulari: because he who attained the consulship had already reached the goal of a Roman's ambition.

nec misera sapienti: because the wise taught that death was no evil, and must always be met with perfect calmness and composure.

20. ille ferreus, qui non movear that man of iron who is not moved, i.e. so hard-hearted as not to be moved; movear is subjunctive in a relative clause of result.

fratris his brother Quintus, who was at this time praetor designatus. He was subsequently legatus under Caesar in Gaul, where he distinguished himself by his gallant defense of his winter quarters among the Nervii; see Caesar, B. G. V. 38-52.

22. horum omnium: Cicero's personal friends among the senators. Tears were not inconsistent with the Greek and Roman ideas of manly dignity.

23. Neque non saepe and often. Observe that the two negatives, used to continue the form of statements, cancel each other. H. 656; LM. 675; A. 326, b; G. 449; B. 347, 2; (H. 553).

24. uxor Terentia, with whom Cicero is said to have lived happily for many years, though he finally divorced her. She was the mother of his two children, Tullia and Marcus.

filia his beloved daughter Tullia.

parvulus filius: his little son Marcus, then two years old.

25. tamquam obsidem: because parental affection would lead him to put forth all his strength to save the state.

26. ille gener: C. Calpurnius Piso, to whom Tullia was betrothed. As he was not quaestor till 58 B.C., he was not at this time a senator, but was present as a spectator.

27. in conspectu meo: perhaps at the door of the temple in which the senate met.

Moveor. . . omnibus: note the emphatic position of both these words, I am moved by all these things.

Page 141, line 1.—in eam partem, uti: to the end that, lit. into this part, that. The clause with uti is an appositive of partem.

...

2. quam pereamus: H. 570, 1; LM. 871; A. 571, a; G. 644, R. 3; B. 284, 4; (H. 502, 2).

3. una peste in one common destruction.

:

Narratio, 2-5

6. Non Ti. Gracchus, etc : take the clauses in the order in which they stand. iterum tribunus : he wished to be reëlected for a second year, which was illegal. For the nominative, see H. 612, 1; LM. 957; A. 458; G. 206, R. 3; B. 328, 2; (H. 536, 2, 1).

7. C. Gracchus : see note on quondam, p. 88, 1. 21.

agrarios: the supporters of the agrarian laws, which provided for the distribution of the public lands among the poorer classes.

8. L. Saturninus: see p. 88, 1. 27; also note on C. Mario, p. 88, 1. 26. C. Memmium: a candidate for the consulship in 100 B.C. against Glaucia. He was murdered at the instigation of Glaucia and Saturninus.

9. discrimen: peril.

in vestrae . . . iudicium adducitur: is now brought to trial before your stern tribunal; literal rendering?

10. tenentur ii, etc. : change to active in translating, we have in custody those, etc.

vestram omnium caedem: cf. omnium vestrum ora in the first line of this speech. H. 446, 3; LM. 555; A. 302, e; G. 321, R. 2; B. 243, 3, a; (H. 398, 3).

12. tenentur: we have in our possession.

13. servitia for servi, abstract for concrete.

15. ut nemo ne . . . quidem relinquatur: that no one may be left even to deplore; the clause is in apposition with id consilium. On nemo ne quidem, see H. 656, 2; LM. 762; A. 327, I; G. 445; B. 347, 2; (H. 553, 2). deplorandum gerundive agreeing with nomen, not gerund. The accusative of the gerund with a direct object is without classical authority. Study the constructions of the dative in this chapter.

Distinguish between gratiam referre, gratiam habere, and gratias agere.

vos . . . iudicavistis: you have already pronounced judgment upon them in many decisions, i.e. by your previous decrees in regard to the conspiracy you are already committed to vigorous measures. These several decrees are specified in the clauses below, introduced by primum quod, deinde quod, tum quod, maxime quod, and finally an additional reason is brought in as an independent statement introduced by postremo.

20. singularibus verbis: in remarkably strong terms. 25. qui honos: an honor which.

habitus est nemini: has been conferred upon no one.

Page 142, line 1.—praemia . . . amplissima: observe the emphatic position of amplissima. It is not known in what these rewards consisted, probably in money. For the rewards offered by the senate for information concerning the conspiracy, see Sall. Cat. 30: Ad hoc, si quis indicasset de coniuratione quae contra rem publicam facta erat, praemium servo libertatem et sestertia centum, libero impunitatem eius rei et sestertia ducenta (decrevere). This last provision probably determined the reward of Volturcius.

3. eius modi: predicate genitive.

6. referre ad vos, tamquam integrum: to refer to you the whole question anew, lit. to refer to you as if untouched. Of course the case is not new, and this point is brought out by the use of tamquam; integrum agrees with the object of referre, which consists of the two indirect questions following. 7. de facto, de poena: the two points to be settled, the fact of the guilt or innocence of the prisoners, and the punishment to be inflicted. Note the emphatic position.

8. praedicam: I will first state. Observe the force of prae.

9. versari: was prevalent.

nova quaedam misceri et concitari mala: that new measures were devised and evil passions aroused; misceri is used to denote the disorder and confusion which usually attend periods of revolution and change.

10. iam pridem videbam: note this idiom which has been frequently used in the preceding pages.

II. haberi: was fostered.

12. quidquid est: this general statement, however the case stands, is explained and amplified in quocumque . . . sententiae.

13. ante noctem: because the case required prompt action, and because no decree passed after sunset would be legal.

14. delatum sit: has been reported. Observe the difference in meaning between defero, as here used, and refero, 1. 6 above. Defero is to report or state the case, i.e. give information in regard to it, while refero is to refer the case to another's decision.

15. huic adfines: concerned in this. H. 434; LM. 536; A. 384; G. 359; B. 192, 1; (H. 391).

16. Latius opinione: more widely than is generally supposed. H. 471; LM. 619; A. 406, a; G. 398, N. 1; B. 217, 4; (H. 417, N. 5).

18. serpens: participle.

multas provincias: a rhetorical exaggeration.

19. sustentando aut prolatando: by forbearance or delay.

What was the nature of the custodia mentioned on p. 141, 1. 24? Cf. Sall. Cat. 47.

21. CHAPTER 4. unam: i.e. sententiam, in partitive apposition with sententias; so alteram below.

D. Silani: qui primus sententiam rogatus est quod eo tempore consul designatus erat, says Sall. Cat. 51.

22. haec: i.e. hanc urbem, spoken with comprehensive gesture.

conati sunt: why not subjunctive?

23. C. Caesaris: Gaius Julius Caesar, than praetor-elect, afterward dictator. His speech, as reported by Sallust, Cat. 51, should be read at this point.

removet, amplectitur: rejects, but includes, i.e. in his recommendation. Observe the asyndeton.

25. pro rerum magnitudine: in accordance with the greatness of the crisis. in versatur: insists upon.

28. punctum: duration of time.

vita: ablative with frui.

Page 143, line 3.-recordatur: he remembers. Cicero assumes this. Such cases, however, were rare, and Cicero himself only mentions that of Ti. Gracchus with three or four analogous cases.

4. esse constitutam: has been ordained.

7. laborum quietem: a rest from toils; objective genitive.

8. Itaque eam . . . inventa sunt: note the irony in this passage; these are Cicero's words, adopting Caesar's recommendation and carrying it out to its final issue to show how great severity it really involves. Bear in mind that Cicero himself favors the death penalty proposed by Silanus; hence he here artfully seeks to prove that imprisonment for life is after all the severer penalty of the two.

9. sapientes: the wise, i.e. those technically called philosophers, especially the Stoics, who professed to regard death with perfect indifference.

inviti: H. 497; A. 290; G. 325, R. 6; B. 239; (H. 443).

11. Vincula vero, et ea sempiterna: but imprisonment, and that for life. 15. Municipiis dispertiri: that they (the prisoners) should be distributed among the free towns, i.e. to be held by them in confinement.

16. Habere: to involve.

17. ista res: that plan of yours.

iniquitatem si . . . velis: because we have no right to impose such a burden upon them.

18. si velis: H. 577, 2; LM. 937; A. 516, d; G. 596, 1; B. 303, b; (H. 511, 1). But velis may be the indefinite second person.

difficultatem si rogare: because they would probably refuse.

21. Ego suscipiam: I will undertake it, i.e. the task of carrying out your decree.

reperiam qui non putent . . . recusare: I shall find men who will not think it consistent with their dignity to refuse; dignitatis, predicate genitive after esse.

23. Adiungit gravem poenam : observe that Cicero is giving a running commentary upon the proposition of Caesar. The several items contained in that proposition are stated separately, and each one is immediately followed by Cicero's comments upon it. Note the emphatic position of Adiungit, (and more than that) he adds, etc.; that is, he proposes not only to punish the guilty conspirators, but also the innocent municipes.

24. eorum vincula: to what does eorum refer?

ruperit: subjunctive in implied indirect discourse, Caesar's thought. 25. dignas scelere: cf. odio digni, p. 133, l. 23. 26. per senatum, per populum: through the agency of the senate (by a senatus consultum); through the agency of the people (by a lex or a plebiscitum).

30. multos una ... ademisset: he would have removed along with life many sufferings of mind and body and all the penalties for crime. Caesar had said in his speech, as reported by Sall. Cat. 51: De poena possum equidem dicere, . . . mortem aerumnarum requiem, non cruciatum esse; eam cuncta mortalium mala dissolvere, ultra neque curae neque gaudio locum esse. Yet Caesar was Pontifex Maximus of the Roman religion! 31. Itaque ut, etc.

point of view.

Cicero is still discussing the subject from Caesar's

32. in vita: in life, i.e. during this life, contrasted with apud inferos.

Page 144, line 1.—eius modi quaedam supplicia: some such punishments, i.e. such as to answer the purpose ut aliqua . . . esset posita.

2. voluerunt: assumed; lit. wished, insisted upon it.

his remotis ablative absolute, denoting condition.

What punishments for crime were employed by the Romans? See Poena in a dictionary of antiquities.

4. CHAPTER 5.—mea quid intersit: what is for my interest, viz. to favor Caesar's measure. H. 449, I; LM. 579; A. 355, a; G. 381; B. 211, 1, a; (H. 408, 1).

6. quae popularis habetur: which is thought to be in the interest of the people. Caesar belonged to the people's party.