included in the decretum ultimum, as he was at that time absent from Rome, commanding in the Gallic province.

ut . . . videret, ne . . . caperet: object clauses involving the idea of purpose. H. 565; LM. 893; A. 563; G. 546; B. 295; (H. 498).

22. quid detrimenti : cf. quid consilii, p. 87, 1. 10.

24. suspiciones: Cicero purposely uses this mild term in contrast with Catiline's treason.

clarissimo patre, avo, maioribus: ablatives of characteristic.

patre: Ti. Sempronius Gracchus, twice consul and twice honored with a triumph.

avo: Publius Cornelius Scipio, the conqueror of Hannibal, whose daughter Cornelia was famous as "the mother of the Gracchi."

25. M. Fulvius: M. Fulvius Flaccus, a partisan of C. Gracchus; he had been consul in 125 B.C. Fulvius was put to death with his two sons by order of the consul Opimius.

26. C. Mario: the occasion here referred to was the consular election in the year 100 B.C., when the agents of Saturninus and Servilius sought to secure the election of Servilius by assassinating his rival, C. Memmius. Though Marius had previously favored the designs of Saturninus and Servilius, he felt compelled by the senate's decree to move against them, and in the struggle which followed Saturninus and Servilius were killed.

27. Num: what answer is expected?

Page 89, line 1.—mors ac rei publicae poena: hendiadys, the death penalty imposed by the state. H. 751, 3, N. I; A. 640; G. 698; B. 374, 4; (H. 636, III, 2).

2. remorata est: reprieve, or permit to live, lit. detain, cause to wait. nos: emphatic, in contrast with the consuls above mentioned.

vicesimum diem: Cicero speaks in round numbers. It was only the eighteenth day (nineteenth by the Roman reckoning) since the decree was passed. The construction is accusative of duration of time. H. 417; LM. 513; A. 423; G. 336; B. 181; (H. 379). The phrase is practically equivalent to viginti dies, and the meaning suggests the common use of the present tense with iam pridem, etc. We are allowing the edge of the senate's authority to grow dull, and have been doing so for twenty days.

3. hebescere aciem: observe the figurative language in which the decree of the senate is spoken of as a sword; see also below in vagina reconditum. 4. huiusce modi: of this very kind, i.e. of the same kind as those under which Opimius, Marius, and Valerius had acted.

5. in tabulis: in the public records. Senatus consulta were inscribed on

tablets and deposited in the treasury, aerarium, in care of the quaestores; see 103.

7. interfectum esse convenit: convenit is perfect, and the construction is parallel with oportet in similar connections; convenit, however, refers rather to the propriety of the act than to the need of it. The present infinitive is more common in such a connection; cf. duci oportebat, p. 88, 1. 7, but the perfect emphasizes the completion of the action. Translate and by the terms of this decree, Catiline, you ought to have been a dead man at once. A. 486, b, N.; G. 280, 2, R. 2; B. 270, 2, a; (H. 537, 2).

H. 620, 2;

10. Cupio, cupio: note the anaphora of the verb and the omission of the conjunction autem or vero. The second statement is really adversative.

patres conscripti: the senators were originally called patres, fathers; afterward patres conscripti, conscript fathers, i.e. fathers enrolled on the lists of the senate. The common explanation, that the phrase was at first patres et conscripti, the latter word referring to the new members added when the republic was established, is of doubtful authority. Cicero once uses the singular form, pater conscriptus.

12. dissolutum: remiss, nearly synonymous with neglegens, but stronger. 13. me inertiae: H. 456; LM. 582; A. 352; G. 378; B. 208; (H. 409, II). inertiae nequitiaeque: synonyms, of which the latter is the stronger.

14. Castra: this was the camp of Manlius at Faesulae in northern Etruria, the headquarters of the conspiracy. The choice of Faesulae was wise, as it gave easy communication with Cisalpine Gaul, and was one of the colonies occupied by the restless veterans of Sulla who favored Catiline's plans; see Map of Italy. in Italia in Italy, emphatic, not in a foreign land, but near home.

15. in dies singulos: from day to day; distinguish from cotidie, l. 18, every day. 16. imperatorem ducemque . . . moenia: i.e. the commander-in-chief and actual leader (not Manlius, but Catiline) is not so far away as Faesulae even, but right here among us.

17. atque adeo: and even.

18. molientem: H. 613, 4; LM. 1019; A. 497, d; G. 536; B. 337, 3; (H. 535, I, 4). We see Catiline actually at his work.

:

19. iussero future perfect because the future action denoted by it must precede the future action denoted by erit verendum. Notice that the Latin is much more exact than the English in the use of tenses.

credo, erit verendum: I shall have to fear, I suppose, citizens will say I have acted too slowly,

not that all good but that some one will say that I have acted with excessive cruelty. The thought is that he has reason to fear the charge of slackness rather than of cruelty. Credo is ironical and parenthetical, not affecting the construction of erit verendum.

20. serius: too slowly. H. 498; LM. 678; A. 291, a; G. 297, 2; B. 240; (H. 444, 1).

iussero above.

22. hoc object of faciam and referring to si te factum esse oportuit: note again the force of the perfect infinitive as in interfectum esse above, 1. 7. The meaning is, which ought long ago to have been an accomplished fact.

certa de causa: not equivalent to quadam de causa. The reason is given Cicero evidently desired to wait until public senti

in the next two sentences.

ment would fully sustain him in his action.

24. tui similis: like you, i. e. in character. H. 435, 4; LM. 573; A. 385, c, 2; G. 359, N. 4; B. 204, 3; (H. 391, II, 4). Similis is commonly used with the genitive in Cicero when the reference is to living beings.

25. qui fateatur: relative clause of result.

id: the execution of Catiline.

28. commovere te contra: to make a move against, lit. to move yourself against. A transitive verb with a reflexive pronoun is often best rendered by an intransitive verb.

Multorum: note the emphatic position, many there are, too, whose eyes and ears will keep watch and ward over you. Do not hesitate to change the structure of a sentence if the force of the Latin can be better expressed in English in another form.

29. fecerunt: have done, i.e. have watched and guarded. Observe this special use of facio, like the English verb to do.

Study carefully the various uses of the subjunctive in this chapter.

Read in some standard history of Rome the story of the Gracchi; see 154.

Narratio, 3, 4

Page 90, line 3. CHAPTER 3.-privata domus: the house of Marcus Laeca, where on the night of November 6 Catiline met the most prominent of his partisans, is here meant.

parietibus: muri, walls, general term; parietes, walls of a house; moenia, walls of a city.

coniurationis: equal to coniuratorum, the abstract used for the concrete by the common figure of metonymy. H. 752, 3; (H. 637, III).

4. inlustrantur: are brought to light, opposed to tenebris obscurare; erumpunt, burst forth, i.e. come forth to public gaze, opposed to parietibus continere.

5. istam mentem: that purpose of yours, i.e. to kill and burn.

mihi crede: believe me, i.e. believe what I say and take my advice.

caedis: H. 454; LM. 588; A. 350, b; G. 376; B. 206; (H. 406, II). 7. quae: object of recognoscas.

mecum licet recognoscas: there is no omission of ut here, though ut is often used. This is the earlier paratactic construction: it is allowable; review with me. The subjunctive clause, however, has become practically the subject of licet. H. 564, II, 1; LM. 782; A. 565; B. 295, 8.

Meministine: don't you remember? The context seems to require an affirmative answer, though the interrogative -ne merely asks for information. 8. ante diem XII... Novembres: on the twelfth day before the Kalends of November, i.e. on the twenty-first of October. For the method of finding the English date, see H. 755; LM. 1174; A. 631, d; G., p. 491; B. 372; (H. 644, 2). Ante diem XII Kalendas is equal to die duodecimo ante Kalendas, but the whole expression is often treated as an indeclinable noun. It is here equivalent to an ablative of time. Consult H. 754, III; LM. 1171; A. 424, g; B. 371, 5 and 6; (H. 642, III, 3 and 4).

Novembres: the names of the months are adjectives.

dicere: the present infinitive is often used with memini when one's own experience is recalled to mind.

9. fore the subject is Manlium below.

qui dies for the common repetition of the antecedent in the relative clause, compare Caes. B.G. I, 6: Diem dicunt qua die ad ripam Rhodani

omnes conveniant.

ante diem... Novembres: the phrase is here equivalent to a predicate nominative after futurus esset.

10. C. Manlium: the commander at Faesulae, an old centurion of Sulla. II. Num me fefellit, non modo res, verum dies: did, not to say the fact, but the day escape me? Cicero had ascertained not only the plans of the conspirators, but the very day on which those plans were to be carried into execution. 12. non modo: lit. not only. It may sometimes be best rendered not to say, as in this instance.

13. id quod: that which, i.e. the fact that not even the day had escaped his notice. Fix in mind this common use of id quod. Quod alone is often used in the same way; cf. quod te iam dudum hortor, p. 93, l. 1.

14. Dixi ego idem: I said also; 1059; A. 298, b; G. 310; B. 248;

idem agrees with ego. H. 508,3; LM. (H. 451, 3).

optimatium: i.e. of the aristocracy or senatorial party.

contulisse in... Novembres: had appointed for the fifth day before the Kalends of November, i.e. for the twenty-eighth of October, the day to which the consular election had been deferred. The phrase is here in the accusative case with the preposition in.

15. tum cum: at the time when, lit. then when.

16. sui conservandi: construe with causa, for the purpose of preserving themselves. For the use of conservandi, see H. 626, 3; LM. 1000; A. 504, c; G. 428, R. I; B. 339, 5; (H. 542, I, N. 1).

17. profugerunt: this flight of prominent citizens is known only from this

passage.

20. discessu ceterorum: notwithstanding the departure of the others; discessu may be treated as an ablative of time, though as opposed to tamen, it also involves a concession.

nostra qui remansissemus: of us who had remained. The antecedent of qui is implied in nostra. H. 399, 4; LM. 827; A. 306, b, N.; G. 614, 3; B. 251, 2; (H. 445, 6).

21. remansissemus: subjunctive in indirect discourse.

dicebas: said repeatedly. The indicative is used because the clause is simply explanatory and cum is equivalent to quo tempore or et eo tempore. 22. Quid in form an exclamatory interrogative, but practically a particle of transition, again.

Praeneste: now Palestrina, a strongly fortified town in Latium, east of Rome. It would have been of great advantage to Catiline as a stronghold. Sulla had established a colony there; see Map of Central Italy.

24. sensistine: cf. meministine, 1. 7.

praesidiis, custodiis, vigiliis: note the difference of meaning, garrisons, sentinels, watches.

Page 91, line 1.

CHAPTER 4.- noctem illam superiorem: that former night, i.e. the night before the last, called priore nocte below. It was the night of November 6.

2. quam te: H. 613, 6; LM. 617; A. 407; G. 644; (H. 535, I, 5). 4. inter falcarios: into the street of the scythe-makers, lit. among the scythemakers. Livy has a similar phrase, inter lignarios, among the carpenters. non agam obscure: I will not treat the subject obscurely.

in domum: into the house.

7. qui tecum una fuerunt: distinguish carefully between this relative clause, which is merely explanatory, and a relative clause of characteristic; cf. qui ... cogitent below.

9. Ubinam gentium: where in the world? H. 443; LM. 567; A. 346, a, 4; G. 372, N. 3; B. 201, 3; (H. 397, 4).

II.

in hoc consilio: in this council, the senate. Consilium means an assembly of counselors, while concilium designates the assembly itself rather than its deliberative character.