5. urbem inflammandam Cassio: Sallust, Cat. 43, says that Statilius and Gabinius were to set fire to the city.

7. Vereamini: object of censeo, which is ironical, I advise you to fear, lit. I advise you may fear.

ne videamini: H. 567, 1; LM. 897; A. 564; G. 550; B. 296, 2; (H. 498, III).

9. remissione: not remission, but mitigation.

Study carefully all the uses of the gerundive in this chapter.

12. CHAPTER 7.- quae exaudio: which come to my ears; exaudio is to hear from a distance, to overhear. The reference in ea quae is probably to remarks made by senators among themselves in an undertone.

14. ut habeam: cf. the two clauses with ne at the close of Chapter 6, just above.

17. cum, tum: not only, but also.

18. maiore: construe with voluntate.

ad summum. . . retinendum: for maintaining the highest welfare of the empire.

22. huius templi: what temple?

24. sentirent unum atque idem: entertained one and the same sentiment. The subjunctive is used in a relative clause of characteristic.

26. soli: for the case, compare tribunus, p. 141, l. 6.

Hosce homines: those referred to in eos qui, in the preceding sentence.

Page 148, line 1. - Ceteri: note the emphatic position and render but as to the rest, etc.

3. qui vobis ita . . . concedunt ut . . . certent: who yield to you precedence in rank and counsel only to vie with you in affection, etc., lit. so yield as to vie.

5. ex. . dissensione huius ordinis revocatos: restored after (lit. out of) a quarrel of many years with this body. Construe huius ordinis with dissensione. The quarrel arose over the selection of iudices for the courts of justice. In the year 122 B.C. the Sempronian law transferred the judicial power from the senate to the knights. Sulla restored this power to the senate, but the Aurelian law, 70 B.C., conferred the judicial power jointly upon the senate, the knights, and the tribuni aerarii. The reconciliation, partially effected by this compromise, was completed by the presence of a common foe in this reckless conspiracy, but it was of short duration.

6. societatem concordiamque: hendiadys; how rendered?

8. Quam si: and if this.

si perpetuam tenuerimus: if we shall retain forever, lit. perpetual. With what does perpetuam agree?

12. tribunos aerarios: tribunes of the treasury. What the duties of these men were is not definitely known, though they seem to have been originally financial officers of the tribes; they may have superintended the collection of the tribute. They had been recently raised by the Aurelian law to the rank of a distinct order in the state.

13. scribas: the public clerks. These were employed as registrars and secretaries in the various departments of the public service. As a class, they formed a distinct order.

casu: by chance. The chance consisted simply in the fact that it happened to be the fifth of December (the Nones), the day on which the quaestors and their clerks drew lots for their provinces and their clerkships and entered upon their duties.

14. aerarium: the treasury. This was in the temple of Saturn, in sight from the temple of Concord, in which the senate was assembled.

frequentasset: had brought in great numbers.

15. ingenuorum: of freeborn citizens.

Three laws of C. Gracchus are referred to in the text and notes of Chapters 5-7, the lex de capite civium Romanorum, the lex frumentaria, and the lex iudiciaria. State the object of each of these laws.

20. CHAPTER 8. — Operae pretium est cognoscere: it is worth while to observe; cf. est tanti, p. 98, 1. 12.

21. studia: the zeal, plural because in connection with the plural homi

num.

fortunam huius civitatis: the privilege of citizenship in this state, lit. of this citizenship.

23. summo nati loco: born in the highest rank. H. 485, 2; LM. 626; A. 429, 1; G. 385, N. 1; B. 228, 1, b; (H. 425, 2).

24. quid commemoro: how does this differ from quid commemorem, p. 148, 1. 3?

28. Servus est nemo: there is no slave. Servus is emphatic in contrast with hosce homines above. Even the slaves, who have no fortunes, no political rights, no freedom, now evince true devotion to country; nemo is here used as an adjective, as often with words denoting persons.

qui modo . . . sit servitutis: provided only he be in a tolerable condition of servitude. H. 587; LM. 920; A. 535, d; G. 627, R. 1; B. 310, II; (H. 513, I).

Page 149, line 1.- quantum audet: as much as he dares, intimating that his master's relation to the conspiracy may be such as to render it somewhat perilous for him to show his good-will to the state.

3. si quem: the real conclusion, I will say this, est id quidem, etc. is omitted.

...

hoc explained by the clause lenonem Lentuli imperitorum, in apposition with it.

4. concursare circum tabernas: is rushing around among the shops. Note the force of each part of the verb concursare.

tabernas: the shops around the forum, occupied by artisans and small traders.

7. fortuna miseri: wretched in their condition, ablative of specification. voluntate perditi: abandoned in feeling, i.e. in their feelings toward the

state.

8. qui non velint: as not to wish, a relative clause of result.

Page 150, line 3.-otii: cf. amantissimos rei publicae, p. 124, 1. 24. omne instrumentum: every means, i.e. of gaining a livelihood.

5. quorum: i.e. eorum qui in tabernis sunt.

6. quid tandem fuit, etc. : what, pray, would have been the result, if they had been burned? lit. they having been burned. Note that the ablative absolute incensis (tabernis) is the protasis of fuit. Of what then is si... solet the protasis?

Look up the question of slavery in Cicero's time.

8. CHAPTER 9.

- praesidia: referring to the readiness with which all classes of citizens united for the defense of the state.

10. atque ex media morte: and from the midst of death, referring to the attempt to assassinate him in his own house. Note the emphasis implied in A. 293; G. 291, R. 2; B. 241,

atque. For media, see H. 497, 4; LM. 565; 1; (H. 440, 2, N. I).

13. Obsessa facibus et telis : beset by the firebrands and weapons. These words commence a beautiful personification of the fatherland. Translate as nearly as may be in the Latin order.

15. vitam: the lives. Observe the use of the singular where our idiom requires the plural. So vita and anima in the next sentence.

arcem et Capitolium: on the Capitoline Hill are two elevations or summits, one on the north called arx and one on the south called Capitolium, on which stood the Temple of Jupiter Capitolinus.

16. aras Penatium: the Penates were household gods, the special deities

of the family, worshiped in the atrium, a large room which was the center of the family life. The state, too, had its Penates, fabled to have been brought from Troy by Aeneas. They were worshiped in their temple on the Velia. illum ignem Vestae sempiternum: yonder perpetual fire of Vesta, i.e. the sacred fire kept burning day and night in the temple of Vesta.

18. Praeterea de vestra vita . . . iudicandum est: Cicero would impress upon the senate the vast importance of the decision about to be made. Everything which a Roman holds dear depends upon it.

20. focis the focus, hearth, was a square platform of stone or brick, raised a few inches above the level of the floor.

22. sui cf. obliti salutis meae, p. 139, l. 6.

quae facultas: an advantage which.

24. id quod a state of things which; id is in apposition with the general idea contained in populum Romanum unum atque idem sentientem.

in civili causa: in the case of a political question, lit. in a civil cause, as opposed to a foreign war.

26. Cogitate. . . delerit: this is a good illustration of the vigor and precision which often characterize an abridged Latin sentence. The full form would be as follows: Cogitate quantis laboribus imperium fundatum sit quod una nox paene delevit. By the use of the participle for the verb fundatum sit, the relative quod became unnecessary and was accordingly omitted; and the verb delevit, being thus brought into an indirect question after quantis, was changed to the subjunctive delerit for deleverit. Render according to the full form.

28. una nox in his oration for Flaccus Cicero refers to this night as follows: O nox illa, quae paene aeternas huic urbi tenebras attulisti, cum Galli ad bellum, Catilina ad urbem, coniurati ad ferrum et flammam vocabantur. The night referred to was the night of the second of December, when the ambassadors of the Allobroges were captured at the Mulvian bridge.

...

29. Id ne umquam . . . possit: that it may never hereafter be possible that this should be, not to say accomplished, but even thought of.

Page 151, line 3. excitarem: note that locutus sum, a perfect definite, is here followed by a secondary tense, as often.

4. princeps foremost.

officio consulari: its duty as that of the consul. Why is the ablative used?

Make a study of the structure and parts of a Roman house, with special reference to the atrium; see Harkness' Easy Latin Method, pp. 109, 112, 113, or a dictionary of antiquities.

Peroratio, 10-II

6. CHAPTER 10.-— ante quam ad sententiam redeo: before I resume asking your opinions, lit. return to the opinion; sententiam = sententiam rogandam. The consul, as presiding officer, called in succession upon the senators for the expression of their opinion. Several had already been called upon when Cicero pronounced the present oration. He is now about to close, and will then resume his duties as presiding officer; hence ad sententiam redeo.

12. me factorum: H. 457; LM. 585; A. 354, b; G. 377; B. 209, I; (H. 410, IV).

14. quam illi minitantur: with which they threaten me, lit. which they threaten. If the person threatened were expressed, what case would be used?

15. vitae tantam laudem: so great glory during life, lit. of life, in contrast with mors.

quanta vos me honestastis: as that with which you have honored me; quanta, ablative agreeing with laude understood.

16. nemo i.e. no one else.

18. Scipio: i.e. P. Cornelius Scipio Africanus Major, who brought the second Punic war to a close by a signal victory over Hannibal at Zama, 202 B.C.

20. alter Africanus: the second Africanus. This was P. Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus Africanus Minor, who brought the Third Punic War to a close by the destruction of Carthage, 146 B.C., and took Numantia in Spain, 133 B.C. He was the son of L. Aemilius Paulus, mentioned just below, and the grandson by adoption of the elder Africanus, the conqueror of Hannibal.

22. Paulus ille: L. Aemilius Paulus, who conquered Perses, king of Macedonia, at Pydna, 168 B.C.

cuius currum

.

honestavit: in the triumphal procession of Paulus the captive king was led before the conqueror's chariot.

23. Perses: the form Perseus is used in Livy. For declension, see H. 81; LM. 141; A. 44; G. 65; B. 22; (H. 50).

sit aeterna gloria Marius: let Marius be held in eternal glory; gloria is predicate ablative of quality.

24. Marius, qui bis, etc.: Gaius Marius, who conquered the Teutones 102 B.C. and the Cimbri IOI B.C.

25. Pompeius: Gnaeus Pompey; see p. 136, 1. 14, quorum alter fines vestri imperii non terrae, sed caeli regionibus terminaret.

cuius res gestae . continentur: i.e. the fame of whose deeds fills the

world.