potuit honestius consuli; facundus, callidus et amicitia facilis; ad simulanda negotia altitudo ingenii incredibilis;2 multarum rerum ac maxime pecuniae largitor. Atque illi, felicissimo omnium ante civilem victoriam, nunquam super industriam fortuna fuit,3 multique dubitavere, fortior an felicior esset; nam postea quae fecerit, incertum habeo, pudeat magis an pigeat disserere.

96. Igitur Sulla, uti supra dictum est, postquam in Africam atque in castra Marii cum equitatu venit, rudis antea et ignarus belli, sollertissimus omnium in paucis tempestatibus factus est. Ad hoc milites benigne appellare, multis rogantibus, aliis per se ipse dare beneficia, invitus accipere, sed ea properantius quam aes mutuum reddere, ipse ab nullo repetere, magis id laborare,5 ut illi quam plurimi deberent, joca atque seria cum humillimis agere, in operibus, in agmine atque ad vigilias multus adesse, neque interim, quod prava ambitio solet, consulis aut cujusquam boni famam laedere, tantummodo neque consilio neque manu priorem alium pati, plerosque antevenire. Quîs rebus et artibus brevi Mario militibusque carissimus factus.

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97. At Jugurtha, postquam oppidum Capsam aliosque locos munitos et sibi utiles, simul et magnam pecuniam amiserat, ad Bocchum nuntios mittit, quam primum in Numidiam copias adduceret, proelii faciundi tempus adesse. Quem ubi cunctari accepit et dubium belli atque pacis rationes trahere,"

before. Here the preceding praise is qualified or limited by the remark, that in his matrimonial relation he might have behaved better; for he was married several times, and chose his wives at the spur of a momentary passion. Potuit consuli; supply ab eo; that is, potuisset consulere.

Amicitia facilis, 'pleasing and agreeable in his friendship or friendly intercourse.

2 Altitudo animi, the unfathomableness of a man's character and designs -a character which shows nothing outwardly of what is going on within. Such a character has all the requisites to become hypocritical, ad simulationem et dissimulationem.

His good fortune was never greater than his activity;' that is, his activity was equal to his good fortune, and he therefore deserved all praise. But his doings after his victory in the civil war are utterly condemned by Sallust, who then assigns to him neither goodluck nor activity.

For intra breves tempestates, see note 3, page 59.

Id laboro. See Zumpt, 385. Ut illi deberent should properly be sibi or ipsi; but see Zumpt, $ 550.

Multus adesse, he was present in many places,' multiplying, as it were, his own person. Compare chap. 84.

'Rationes trahere implies slow and careful deliberation, as in chaps. $4 and 93.

2

rursus, uti antea, proximos ejus donis corrumpit, ipsique Mauro pollicetur Numidiae partem tertiam, si aut Romani Africa expulsi, aut integris suis finibus bellum compositum. foret. Eo praemio illectus Bocchus cum magna multitudine Jugurtham accedit. Ita amborum exercitu conjuncto, Marium jam in hiberna proficiscentem, vix decima parte die1 reliqua, invadunt, rati noctem, quae jam aderat, et victis sibi munimento fore et, si vicissent, nullo impedimento, quia locorum scientes erant, contra Romanis utrumque casum in tenebris difficiliorem fore. Igitur simul consul ex multis de hostium adventu cognovit, et ipsi hostes aderant3 et, priusquam exercitus aut instrui aut sarcinas colligere, denique antequam signum aut imperium ullum accipere quivit, equites Mauri atque Gaetuli, non acie neque ullo more proelii, sed catervatim, uti quosque fors conglobaverat, in nostros concurrunt; qui omnes trepidi improviso metu, ac tamen virtutis memores, aut arma capiebant aut capientes alios ab hostibus defensabant, pars equos ascendere, obviam ire hostibus, pugna latrocinio magis quam proelio similis fieri, sine signis, sine ordinibus equites peditesque permixti; caedere alios, alios obtruncare; multos, contra adversos acerrime pugnantes, ab tergo circumvenire; neque virtus neque arma satis tegere, quod hostes numero plures et undique circumfusi erant; denique Romani veteres novique et ob ea scientes belli, si Die for diei. See page 115, note 3.

1

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The night would not be an obstacle to them' (in their pursuit). Nullo obsolete for nulli. See Zumpt, § 140.

3 Simul cognovit―et hostes aderant, he at once learned-and the enemy was there;' that is, between the receiving of the information and the actual attack of the enemy there was no interval. Sarcinas colligere; the baggage was laid down before an engagement, and put together in a heap, as in Caes. Bell. Gall. vii. 18.

Signum here is the watchword,' which is given out by the general, and is communicated among the soldiers by one man telling another. Sometimes signum is the signal given by a cornu or tuba. To make the former known throughout an army required some time, but not so the latter. Signa afterwards are the standards of the maniples, cohorts, and legions.

Latrocinium, a predatory attack,' as opposed to a regular battle. • Obtruncare in opposition to caedere (cut down) signifies to mutilate by cutting off a limb or limbs.' The word multos is chosen here only for variety's sake, instead of alios.

The words veteres novique express a whole sentence: as old and new soldiers were united in the several divisions (maniples and cohorts) of the army;' and it is to this meaning that ob ea (for this reason) refers. The scattered Romans, as old and new soldiers were everywhere mixed together, profited by the experience of the old ones, and formed dense circles (we should say squares), which was, in fact, the only safe means of warding off the attack of a superior enemy.

quos locus aut casus conjunxerat, orbes facere, atque ita ab omnibus partibus simul tecti et instructi hostium vim susten

tabant.

98. Neque in eo tam aspero negotio Marius territus aut magis quam antea demisso animo fuit, sed cum turma sua, quam ex fortissimis magis quam familiarissimis paraverat, vagari passim, ac modo laborantibus suis succurrere, modo hostes, ubi confertissimi obstiterant, invadere; manu consulere militibus, quoniam imperare, conturbatis omnibus, non poterat. Jamque dies consumptus erat, quum tamen barbari nihil remittere,' atque, uti reges praeceperant, noctem pro se rati, acrius instare. Tum Marius ex copia rerum consilium trahit, atque, uti suis receptui locus esset, colles duos propinquos inter se occupat, quorum in uno, castris parum amplo, fons aquae magnus erat, alter usui opportunus, quia magna parte editus et praeceps pauca munimenta quaerebat.2 Ceterum apud aquam Sullam cum equitibus noctem agitare jubet; ipse paulatim dispersos milites, neque minus hostibus conturbatis, in unum contrahit, dein cunctos pleno gradu1 in collem subducit. Ita reges loci difficultate coacti proelio deterrentur, neque tamen suos longius abire sinunt, sed, utroque colle multitudine circumdato, effusi consedere. Dein crebris ignibus factis, plerumque noctis barbari more suo laetari, exultare, strepere vocibus, et ipsi duces feroces, quia non fugere, ut pro5 victoribus egere. Sed ea cuncta Romanis ex tenebris et editioribus locis facilia visu magnoque hortamento erant. 99. Plurimum vero Marius imperitia hostium confirmatus, quam maximum silentium haberi jubet, ne signa quidem, uti per vigilias solebant, canere, deinde, ubi lux adventabat,

1 Quam tamen nihil remittere, 'while the barbarians nevertheless did not leave off. For quum with the historical infinitive, see Zumpt, § 582. Pro se, 'favourable to them.'

Marius occupies two hills close by each other, the one only to have the command of water, but the other to pitch his camp on, as it required only to be slightly fortified. Quaerebat for requirebat, which is more common in this sense.

3 As the enemy also had fallen into no less confusion;' so that neque, being properly used for et non, must here be taken for etiam non or ne quidem.

Pleno gradu, at a quick pace,' which, however, is not running. This retreat up the hill is, after all, a proof that the Romans had been worsted in the attack.

Fugere, ut pro, is the reading of the manuscripts, as they did not flee, they acted as though they were the victors.' Ut pro signifies both as victors and as if they were,' the ut and pro signifying nearly the same thing.

Not even the signals were to be sounded, which were usually heard at the different night watches.' The night was divided by

defessis jam hostibus et paulo ante somno captis, de improviso vigiles, item cohortium, turmarum, legionum tubicines simul omnes signa canere, milites clamorem tollere atque portis erumpere. Mauri atque Gaetuli, ignoto et horribili sonitu repente exciti, neque fugere neque arma capere neque omnino facere aut providere quicquam poterant; ita cunctos strepitu, clamore, nullo subveniente, nostris instantibus, tumultu, terrore, formido quasi vecordia ceperat. Denique omnes fusi fugatique; arma et signa militaria pleraque capta, pluresque eo proelio quam omnibus superioribus interempti. Nam somno et metu insolito impedita fuga.

100. Dein Marius, uti coeperat, in hiberna proficiscitur, quae propter commeatum in oppidis maritimis agere decreverat. Neque tamen victoria socors aut insolens factus, sed pariter atque in conspectu hostium quadrato agmine incedere; Sulla cum equitatu apud dextimos, in sinistra parte A. Manlius cum funditoribus et sagittariis, praeterea cohortes Ligurum curabat; primos et extremos cum expeditis manipulis tribunos locaverat. Perfugae, minime cari3 et regionum scientissimi, hostium iter explorabant. Simul consul, quasi nullo imposito, omnia providere, apud omnes adesse, laudare et increpare merentes. Ipse armatus intentusque, item milites cogebat ; neque secus, atque iter facere, castra munire, excubitum in porta cohortes ex legionibus, pro castris equites

the Romans into four watches (vigiliae), the beginning of which was announced by a horn (buccina). Canere is here used intransitively, 'to sound,' as in Cat. chap. 59. Below, it is used transitively, in the sense of 'to blow,' or 'give a signal.'

'The description of the consternation among the barbarians is in some parts very minute. Formido is the highest degree of fear (timor), which almost makes people mad, whence the addition quasi vecordia.

2 The superlative dextimus does not differ in meaning from the positive dexter. See Zumpt, § 114, note 1.

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3 Minime cari; that is, maxime viles, who were most indifferent,' or valueless to him,' whose lives he was least inclined to spare. 'As if he had not placed (there) any commander.' Imponere, used absolutely, to appoint;' namely, in the place spoken of. Nullo for nemine, the ablative as well as the genitive of nemo not being in use.

Cogebat; supply armatos intentosque esse.

Construe neque secus castra munire, atque iter facere; that is, his care in securing the camp was as great as that which he displayed in marching.

The singular in porta is here used because the author is speaking especially of that gate which faced the enemy (the porta praetoria opposite the porta decumana). At this gate a strong body of outposts (excubitores) was stationed, consisting of the most trustworthy soldiers.

auxiliarios mittere, praeterea alios super vallum in munimentis locare, vigilias ipse circumire, non tam diffidentia futurum, quae1 imperavisset, quam uti militibus exaequatus cum imperatore labos volentibus esset.2 Et sane Marius illoque aliisque temporibus Jugurthini belli pudore magis quam malo3 exercitum coërcebat; quod multi per ambitionem fieri aiebant, pars quod a pueritia consuetam duritiam et alia, quae ceteri miserias vocant, voluptati habuisset ; nisi tamen1 res publica pariter ac saevissimo imperio bene atque decore gesta.

101. Igitur quarto denique die haud longe ab oppido Cirta undique simul speculatores citi sese ostendunt, qua re hostes adesse intellegitur. Sed quia diversi redeuntes alius ab alia parte atque omnes idem significabant, consul incertus, quonam modo aciem instrueret, nullo ordine commutato, adversum omnia paratus, ibidem opperitur. Ita Jugurtham spes frustrata, qui copias in quatuor partes distribuerat, ratus ex omnibus aeque aliquos ab tergo hostibus venturos. Interim Sulla, quem primum hostes attigerant, cohortatus suos, turmatim et quam maxime confertis equis ipse aliique Mauros invadunt, ceteri in loco manentes ab jaculis eminus emissis corpora tegere et, si qui in manus venerant, obtruncare. Dum eo modo equites proeliantur, Bocchus cum peditibus, quos Volux filius ejus adduxerat, neque in priore pugna, in

1 Futurum, quae imperavisset, an old-fashioned mode of speaking for futura esse, quae. Besides this passage, there is no other certain instance of such an expression in the classical writers of Rome; but the graminarian Gellius has proved, by many examples, that in the earlier times it was by no means uncommon.

Than that the exertion, if equally shared with them (soldiers) by the commander, should be agreeable to the soldiers.' Aliquid mihi est volenti. See p. 139, note 1.

3 Malum is here the same as punishment,' or poena.

Nisi tamen introduces a modification or limitation of the doubt expressed before respecting the real motive of Marius's indulgence. Compare p. 92, note 2.

Hostes adesse intellegitur is a nominative with the infinitive, for intellegunt hostem adesse. See Zumpt, $ 607. It is, however, not impossible that hostis may be the accusative plural for hostes.

Aeque, equally;' for Jugurtha hoped that at any rate one of his detachments would attack the Romans in the rear; but as he did not know to which part the Romans would direct their front, each of his detachments might equally reach a position in the rear of the Romans.

The meaning is-Sulla caused the cavalry which he commanded on the right wing, on the whole, to keep quiet, and only to repel individual enemies that might approach; but he himself and other commanders alternately gallopped forth with single turmae forming close bodies, and attacked the enemy.