infirmior erit; si paululum modo vos languere viderint, jam omnes feroces aderunt. Nolite existimare, majores nostros armis rem publicam ex parva magnam fecisse. Si ita res esset, multo pulcherrimam eam nos haberemus; quippe sociorum atque civium, praeterea armorum atque equorum major nobis copia quam illis est. Sed alia fuere, quae illos magnos fecere, quae nobis nulla sunt, domi industria, foris justum imperium, animus in consulendo liber, neque delicto neque libidini obnoxius.3 Pro his nos habemus luxuriam atque avaritiam, publice egestatem, privatim opulentiam ; laudamus divitias, sequimur inertiam; inter bonos et malos discrimen nullum est; omnia virtutis praemia ambitio possidet. Neque mirum: ubi vos separatim sibi quisque consilium capitis, ubi domi voluptatibus, hic pecuniae aut gratiae servitis, eo fit, ut impetus fiat in vacuam rem publicam. Sed ego haec omitto. Conjuravere nobilissimi cives patriam incendere, Gallorum gentem infestissimam nomini Romano ad bellum accersunt; dux hostium cum exercitu supra caput est: vos cunctamini etiamnunc, quid intra moenia deprensis hostibus faciatis ? Misereamini censeos,—deliquere homines adolescentuli per ambitionem,-atque etiam armatos dimittatis. Nae ista vobis mansuetudo et misericordia, si illi arma ceperint in

The meaning is: All will be there immediately'—that is, they will rise to make the attack.

2 Cato means to say, 'It is a wrong opinion that our state has become great by arms; for if this were true, it would now be in the most flourishing condition, as our military power is now greater than it ever was. The republic has become great much more by the activity of the citizens, and by the justice of the government, and it is this activity and stern justice that must be restored.'

3 Obnoxius, subject to a punishment,' or 'to be injured (noxa);' hence, figuratively, bound,' 'dependent.' Our ancestors, says Cato, could deliberate and judge without bias, for their minds were not crippled either by crimes they had committed, nor by immoderate desires and passions-a hint intimating that those who were in favour of lenient measures were conscious of their own guilt, and not free from bad intentions.

4

Hic-that is, in the senate, in discussing matters of public importance, you allow yourselves to be guided only by your desire to gain money and popularity, being anxious not to offend any one who may be in your way.

5 Vacuam-namely, a defensoribus, 'defenceless,' 'helpless.' Incendere, a free use of the infinitive for ad patriam incendendam. A question expressive of wonder, in which the interrogative particles are commonly not used. See Zumpt, § 351, note.

Ironically: I am of opinion that you should have mercy, and dismiss the criminals.' The subjunctive without ut depends upon the verb censeo; it is not a subjunctive for an imperative.

miseriam convertet. Scilicet res ipsa aspera est, sed vos nor timetis eam.2 Immo vero3 maxime; sed inertia et mollitia animi alius alium expectantes cunctamini, videlicet dis immortalibus confisi, qu. hanc rem publicam saepe in maximis periculis servavere. Non votis neque suppliciis muliebribus auxilia deorum parantur; vigilando, agendo, bene consulendo prospera omnia cedunt; ubi socordiae te atque ignaviae tradideris, nequidquam deos implores; irati infestique sunt. Apud majores nostros A. Manlius Torquatus bello Gallico filium suum, quod is contra imperium in hostem pugnaverat, necare jussit, atque ille egregius adolescens immoderatae fortitudinis morte poenas dedit: vos de crudelissimis parricidis quid statuatis cunctamini? Videlicet cetera vita eorum huic sceleri obstat. Verum parcite dignitati Lentuli, si ipse pudicitiae, si famae suae, si dis aut hominibus unquam ullis pepercit; ignoscite Cethegi adolescentiae, nisi iterum jam patriae bellum fecit. Nam quid ego de Gabinio, Statilio, Caepario loquar? quibus si quidquam unquam pensi fuisset, non ea consilia de re publica habuissent. Postremo, P. C., si mehercule peccato locus esset, facile paterer vos ipsa re corrigi, quoniam verba contemnitis; sed undique circumventi sumus. Catilina cum exercitu faucibus urguet: alii intra moenia atque in sinu

16

'Assuredly this clemency of yours will end in misery.' Respecting nae, see Zumpt, 360; and on the transitive sense of vertere, 145.

The sentence beginning with scilicet is again ironical. The sense, without the irony, is: Nor can it be supposed that you consider the matter indeed difficult, but that you are without fear. You are, on the contrary, full of fear, but you hesitate.'

4

3 Immo vero, oh no; on the contrary.' See Zumpt, § 277. Respecting this form of hypothetical sentences, see Zumpt, $524, note 1. The verb in the apodosis might be implorabis, without altering the meaning.

5 This statement differs in two points from the current tradition of history. First, the praenomen of this Manlius is commonly Titus, and so we must no doubt correct here, even though the manuscripts have Aulus. Secondly, he did not show his severe military discipline towards his son in the Gallic war, but in the great Latin war, which ended, in B. c. 340, with the subjugation of Latium. Manlius ordered his son to be executed in presence of the army; and to characterise that harsh severity, the orator uses the word necare instead of interficere or occidere.

• Quidquam is stronger than siquid—that is, the expression of the negative is more strongly marked in the protasis.

If there were room for a mistake'-namely, in the resolution to be come to. The meaning is: No time is to be lost, since, if you come to a wrong determination, you will be ruined before you have time to correct your decision.'

Is upon our necks,' a figurative expression, properly applied to a wrestler who seizes another by the throat.

urbis sunt hostes: neque parari neque consuli quidquam potest occulte; quo magis properandum est. Quare ita ego censeo: quum nefario consilio sceleratorum civium res publica in maxima pericula venerit, iique indicio T. Volturcii et lega. torum Allobrogum convicti confessique sint caedem, incendia aliaque se foeda atque crudelia facinora in cives patriamque paravisse, de confessis sicuti de manifestis rerum capitalium more majorum supplicium sumendum.'

53. Postquam Cato` assedit, consulares omnes itemque senatus magna pars sententiam ejus laudant, virtutem animi ad coelum ferunt, alii alios increpantes timidos vocant, Cato clarus atque magnus habetur, senati decretum fit, sicuti ille censuerat. Sed mihi multa legenti, multa audienti, quav populus Romanus domi militiaeque, mari atque terra praeclara facinora fecit, forte libuit attendere, quae res maxime tanta negotia sustinuisset. Sciebam saepenumero parva manu cum magnis legionibus hostium contendisse; cognoveram parvis copiis bella gesta cum opulentis regibus, ad hoc saepe fortunae violentiam toleravisse, facundia Graecos, gloria belli Gallos ante Romanos fuisse. Ac mihi multa agitanti constabat, paucorum civium egregiam virtutem cuncta patravisse, eoque factum, uti divitias paupertas, multitudinem paucitas superaret. Sed postquam luxu atque desidia civitas corrupta est, rursus res publica magnitudine sua imperatorum atque magistratuum vitia sustentabat, ac, sicuti effeta parentum,3 multis tempestatibus haud sane quisquam Romae vir

What has chiefly helped in carrying out such great undertakings.' Negotium sustinere, to be able to carry out a business,' representing the negotium as a burden.

2 Sallust states that, after mature consideration of all the circumstances, he has come to the conviction that the merit of individual citizens had raised Rome to its supremacy over the world, but that afterwards there were no men of importance, or excelling others by mental superiority, and that the state, as a whole, alone made the faults of individuals bearable. We must honour the judgment of Sallust, but cannot agree with it; we must rather believe that the unvarying ability of the whole Roman people, notwithstanding the not very prominent minds of individuals, was the cause of the rapid progress of the Roman dominion. In the later times, on the other hand, we meet a Scipio the younger, a Marius, a Sulla, a Pompey, and a Caesar, all of whom were men or generals of eminent talent, while all those who served under them were persons of inferior abilities.

3 Effeta parentum, the same as effeta parens, a mother who has had children, but can have no more.' Respecting the partitive genitive (as in aliqui militum for aliqui milites), see Zumpt, § 430. The author in the progress of his sentence abandons the construction with which he began, and which ought to have been continued

tute magnus fuit. Sed memoria mea ingenti virtute, diversis moribus fuere viri duo, M. Cato et G. Caesar; quos quoniam res obtulerat, silentio praeterire non fuit consilium, quin' utriusque naturam et mores, quantum ingenio possem, aperirem.

54. Igitur his genus, aetas, eloquentia prope aequalia fuere ; magnitudo animi par, item gloria, sed alia alii.' Ĉaesar beneficiis ac munificentia magnus habebatur, integritate vitae Cato. Ille mansuetudine et misericordia clarus factus, huic severitas dignitatem addiderat. Caesar dando, sublevando, ignoscendo, Cato nihil largiundo gloriam adeptus est. In altero miseris perfugium erat, in altero malis pernicies; illius facilitas, hujus constantia laudabatur. Postremo Caesar in animum induxerat laborare, vigilare; negotiis amicorum intentus sua neglegere, nihil denegare, quod dono dignum esset; sibi magnum imperium, exercitum, bellum novum exoptabat, ubi virtus enitescere posset. At Catoni studium modestiae, decoris, sed maxime severitatis erat. Non divitiis cum divite, neque factione cum factioso, sed cum strenuo virtute, cum modesto pudore, cum innocente abstinentia certabat, esse quam videri bonus malebat; ita quo minus petebat gloriam, eo magis illum sequebatur.3

55. Postquam, ut dixi, senatus in Catonis sententiam discessit, consul optimum factu ratus, noctem, quae instabat, antecapere, ne quid eo spatio novaretur, III. viros quae sup

thus: Roma haud sane quemquam virtute magnum protulit, for which he says, Romae haud sane quisquam virtute magnus fuit. This deviation from the construction may be explained still more easily, if in our mind we add facit to the words sicuti effeta parentum, as is the case with an aged mother.' Multis tempestatibus, 'during a long time.' The singular tempestas in the sense of time' is not uncommon, but the plural tempestates in the sense of 'periods of time' occurs only in Sallust in this passage, and Jug. 73, 96, and 108.

1

Quin is used regularly for ut non after a negative clause: 'I would not pass them over in silence, without unfolding their cha

racters.'

2 But the one a different one from the other.' The Latin custom of repeating the same word obliges the author, having once said alia, to use alii, which, strictly speaking, should be alteri, as he is speaking of only two persons.

3 The less he strove after fame, the more it followed him of itself,' so that gloria must be supplied.

Discessit; that is, after the senate, a division having taken place, had decided in favour of Cato's opinion. Compare p. 50, note 2.

Read tres viros; each one by himself was called triumvir, 'one of the college of three.' These officers belonging to the magistratus minores, had the superintendence of the public prison, and the carrying of the sentence into execution; whence their complete title

plicium postulabat parare jubet; ipse, praesidiis dispositis, Lentulum in carcerem deducit ; idem fit ceteris per praetores. Est in carcere locus, quod2 Tullianum appellatur, ubi paululum descenderis ad laevam, circiter duodecim pedes humi depressus. Eum muniunt undique parietes atque insuper camera lapideis fornicibus vincta,* sed incultu, tenebris, odore foeda atque terribilis ejus facies est. In eum locum postquam demissus est Lentulus, vindices rerum capitalium, quibus praeceptum erat, laqueo gulam fregere. Ita ille patricius ex gente clarissima Corneliorum, qui consulare imperium Romae habuerat, dignum moribus factisque suis exitium vitae invenit. De Cethego, Statilio, Gabinio, Caepario eodem modo supplicium sumptum est.

was tresviri capitales. The singular, triumvir, does not justify the plural triumviri, since the ordinary grammatical laws require tres viri. In manuscripts, we usually find III. viri. Compare Zumpt, $ 124.

The preposition de in this compound adds to the idea of the simple verb ducere, that of the place to which a person is led, and in which he is to remain; hence it is frequently used in the expression domum deducere, to take' or 'lead a person home.'

Locus, quod. Respecting the gender of the relative pronoun, see Zumpt, 372.

3 The whole structure was called carcer Mamertinus, and its main parts still exist, being changed into a Christian church, San Pietro in carcere. It is situated not far from the ancient forum Romanum, to the north-east, at the foot of the Capitoline hill. According to Sallust's description, persons on entering had to go down a few steps leading to the entrance of the Tullianum, a subterraneous apartment cut into the rock, and covered over with a roof; and this was the place where prisoners were executed. Their corpses were afterwards publicly exhibited in the adjoining Scalae Gemoniae. The name Tullianum is derived by the Romans from their king, Tullus Hostilius.

The roof is bound together by arches of stone,' to make it strong, for otherwise, wooden beams were used for such purposes. Incultus, a substantive of rare occurrence, denoting want of cleanliness, the absence of care.'

Punishers of capital offences' is only a paraphrase for carnifices, 'executioners.'

* Cornelius Lentulus had been consul as early as B. c. 71, but the year after, he had been ejected from the senate by the censors, on account of his base conduct. In order to be able to re-enter the senate, he caused himself to become praeter a second time in this year, B. c. 63, in which he ended his life so disgracefully. It is mentioned that he was of a manly and handsome appearance; but the baseness of his character is attested also by other authors.

The only one among the others who was a member of the senate was Cornelius Cethegus; Gabinius and Statilius were men of equestrian rank, and Caeparius was a native of the municipium of Terracina.