3 pauci autem, quos medios cohors prae ria disiecerat, paulo divorsius sed omnes tamen advorsis 4 volneribus conciderant. Catilina vero longe a suis inter hostium cadavera repertus est, paululum etiam spirans ferociamque animi, quam habuerat vivos, in s 5 voltu retinens. postremo ex omni copia neque in proelio neque in fuga quisquam civis ingenuus 6 captus est: ita cuncti suae hostiumque vitae iuxta 7 pepercerant. neque tamen exercitus populi Romani laetam aut incruentam victoriam adeptus erat. nam strenuissumus quisque aut occiderat in 8 proelio aut graviter volneratus discesserat. multi autem, qui e castris visundi aut spoliandi gratia processerant, volventes hostilia cadavera amicum alii pars hospitem aut cognatum reperiebant; fuere 15 item qui inimicos suos cognoscerent. ita varie per omnem exercitum laetitia maeror luctus atque gaudia agitabantur.

9

2 Diomedes and Charisius both give as an example of an old form alis for alius in Sallust alis alibi stantes ceciderunt omnes tamen advorsis (adversis Diom.) vulneribus conciderunt. Dietsch prints the words alis alibi stantes after divorsius, but in italics—see notes

18 C. SALLVSTII CRISPI BELLVM CATILINE EXPLICIT INCIPIT BELLVM IVGVRTHIN~ FALSOGENVS P

ΙΟ

NOTES.

THE TITLE OF THE WORK.-What did Sallust call the monograph? For the title which it bears at the present day, de coniuratione Catilinae (taken from C. 4. 3), there is no authority. The grammarians describe the work in a variety of ways, but never in this. Priscian writes (always I believe) in Catilinario (sc. bello), Nonius in Catilinae bello, and elsewhere we find in Catilinae historia, and the convenient in Catilina is often used. Our best MS (P) calls the book at the beginning bellum Catulinarium, and at the end bellum Catilinae. There is little doubt, then, but that the word Bellum came into it. Wölfflin says "In contrast to Cicero, who liked to describe the movement as a civilis coniuratio (Ep. 5. 12. 2 quoted in note to 4. 2 carptim), the historian laid stress on the designation bellum, as a protest against Cicero's verse, Cedant arma togae concedat laurea laudi". Was it then Bellum Catilinarium or Bellum Catilinae? Probably the latter. Quintilian (3. 8. 9) describes the two works thus-in bello Iugurthino et Catilinae. And Florus, who took his account from Sallust (see note on 61. 2), calls his chapter on the conspiracy Bellum Catilinae. The adjective Catilinarius in fact does not seem to occur till Priscian, a native of Constantinople, ventured on it. (Catilinarum is the true reading in Cic. in Cat. 2. 10. 23; and Pliny the elder wrote Catilinianus.) It was avoided, as Wölfflin thinks, because of the double meaning of which it is capable (see note on 5. 1). Priscian.however does not scruple to call the orations against Verres-Verrinae.

A word on another question suggested by the two titles in P. Did not perhaps Sallust write Catulinae? Prof. Wölfflin writes to me: "There would be no difficulty, if we might assume that Sallust called his work Bellum Catulinae: then the fore-title is modernized by the substitution of the adjective which came into vogue after Priscian, but the u is retained; while the after-title has retained the genitive, but lost the u.

In Suetonius de illustr. gramm. 17 the best MSS have Catulinae".

Ch. 1-2, 2] Argument:-The aim of life should be to leave a noble name behind us. This object is to be attained by the employment, not of the body but of the mind-the nobler part. In whatever path of life one may choose, the mind is capable of greater things than the body. That this is so has been proved (1) in the struggles of war; though (2) in the public affairs of peace (alas) the mind has not been allowed to show its supremacy: here rather do we note the disorder which exclusive devotion to our lower nature produces. (3) In the practical affairs of private life too it is only by strenuous exercise of our higher powers that success and fame are achieved. (4) And lastly the mind can win for one who uses his talent a name in the sphere of historical literature.

Something of the kind seems to be the thread of this introduction, but the theme is treated in a somewhat confused fashion. Perhaps Sallust felt that himself, for the preface to the Jugurtha handles almost the very same ideas far more successfully. What is here as Mr Simcox rather too severely says 'a frigid mass of aphorisms' becomes there a really 'moving piece of eloquence'.

Both these prefaces are justly censured by Quintilian (3. 8.9) as having nothing to do with history-he attributes them to imi tation of Isocrates and Gorgias. But it must be remembered that Sallust was attempting something of a new departure. Historical writing, at the time when he set himself to the task, was in low repute. Even the most distinguished of his predecessors, M. Cornelius Sisenna, is not thought much of by Cicero (Legg. 1. 2. 7 Sisenna...omnis adhuc nostros scriptores...facile superavit: is tamen...in historia puerile quiddam consectatur— and cp. Brutus 64. 228). It was not then unnatural that Sallust should seek, as he does in this introduction, to claim for the historian and his work a higher consideration.

1. sese student praestare] Cp. Ter. Eun. pr. 1 si quisquam est qui placere se studeat bonis quam plurimis. Cic. de off. 2. 20. 70 ille tenuis...gratum se videri studet. The construction of acc. with inf. when the subject of both verbs is the same is rare with studeo though not uncommon with volo and cupio. Sallust so constructs properare 7, 6. C. W. Nauck insists that peculiar emphasis is intended by (a) the insertion of se at all, (b) by its strengthened form sese and not se, and (c) by its prominent position; and translates, 'All men who strive to make conspicuous in themselves the superiority of mankind to the other animals'; comparing Cic. in Cat. 1. 2. 4 cupio me esse clementem 'I desire to be recognized as humane', and de ennusmuleres eadem q we s student

off. 2. 22. 78 qui...se populares esse volunt 'who aim at the reputation of popular statesmen'. It may be questioned however if it is not rather a colloquialism, ordinary conversation being unwilling to give studeo two constructions.

silentio] in a passive sense. Cp. 2. 8 de utraque siletur. Other ablatives of manner without attributes in S. are-strepitu (adventare J. 53. 7), cursu (tendere J. 91. 4), contubernio (patris militabat J. 64. 4) etc. N. with willing t

Aing Land prona] The idea is common in the classics before and after Sallust. Plat. Rep. 586 Α βοσκημάτων δίκην κάτω ἀεὶ βλέποντες καὶ κεκυφότες εἰς γῆν καὶ εἰς τραπέζας βόσκονται χορταζόμενοι καὶ ὀχεύοντες. Xen. Μem. 1. 4. 11 οἳ (θεοὶ) πρῶτον μὲν μόνον τῶν ζώων ἄνθρωπον ὀρθὸν ἀνέστησαν· ἡ δὲ ὀρθότης καὶ προορᾶν πλεῖον ποιεῖ δύνασθαι καὶ τὰ ὕπερθεν μᾶλλον θεᾶσθαι. είρημενα παμε

2. sed nostra omnis vis] There is no especial emphasis on nostra. Omnis as in Caesar's-Gallia est omnis divisa in partes tres. 'Now our energy taken as a whole'.

animi imperio] 'The mind is the ruling, the body the serving element in us'.

alterum...alterum] do not, as some commentators explain, agree with animi imperio uti and corporis servitio uti (for the brutes do not subject the body but are its slaves), but refer loosely to animus and corpus. Cp. alterum below § 7.

beluis] The word is used in a similar passage in Cicero N. D. 2. 11. 29 omnem enim naturam necesse est...habere aliquem in se principatum, ut in homine mentem, in belua quoddam simile mentis, unde oriantur rerum adpetitus. Belua in contrast to man is perhaps the 'irrational', bestia or fera the 'savage' beast.

3. quo mihi rectius videtur] Rather with Gründel 'and so, as it seems to me, it is more reasonable etc.', than as Kritz explains quanto autem dii praestant beluis, tanto rectius videtur.

vita ipsa qua fruimur] i. e. our life on earth by itself, as contrasted with posthumous life in the memory of survivors.

4. fluxa atque fragilis] 'fleeting and frail'. Other alliterations in ƒ employed by S. are: fama atque fortuna, flagitium... facinus, foeda atque formidulosa, fortis fidosque, fusi fugatique.

virtus...habetur] almost 'genius'. ingeni praestantia quem virtutem vocamus. ous and eternal possession'.

C. S.

Cic. Fin. 4. 19. 54
'Genius is a glori-

5

5. mortales] S. uses the word in the singular J. 72. 2, 92. 2, and in the plural by itself often. He writes multi mortales always (never multi homines, lest a chance of alliteration should be thrown away), but omnes mortales and omnes homines indifferently. Cicero does not use mortales by itself, and does not object to multi homines. The various theories that it is an archaic word revived, that its use is due to Stoic influence, that it is employed in tacit opposition to di,—all want foundation. Nor is it a more comprehensive word than homines in S., as it should be according to Fronto (apud Gell. 13. 29). Livy and Tacitus followed S. in the free use of the word.

6. consulto...facto] So incepto 20. 10 and perdita re publica opus esse 31. 7.

7. alterum] resumes the utrumque, but is of course not necessary to the sense. Cp. Cic. T. D. 2. 5. 13 ita est utraque res sine altera debilis.

auxilio eget] With the abl. again in the introduction to the Jug. 1. 3 neque fortuna eget (animus), but generally in S. with

gen.

Ch. 2, 1. igitur] in S. always (in Cicero not rarely) is put the first word in the sentence, except in questions; 51. 43 placet igitur eos dimitti? J. 31. 18 quid igitur censes? Or. Mac. 14 quid censes igitur? C. 20. 14 quin igitur expergiscimini? Livy also often puts igitur first.

divorsi] i. e. taking different roads or directions.

pars...alii] The variety is very characteristic of Sallust. Alii...alii, it is true, is not uncommon, but pars—pars does not occur in the C. at all, and only two or three times in the Jugurtha. Partim-partim is never used. The variations are endless pars alii, partim―alii, pauci―pars, pars—reliqui,|| sunt qui—alii—in this or the reversed order, and many others. In triple division: alii—alii—pars, alii—alii—multi, alii—pars -sunt qui.

agitabatur] The constant use of this word is one of the blots of Sallust's style, and serves to give a tone of monotony, which his striving after variety in other ways hardly removes. The following are samples of the different senses in which it is used: (1) J. 53. 1 rati humum aridam vento agitari. (2) C. 5.7 agitabatur magis magisque indies animus ferox inopia rei familiaris et conscientia scelerum. (3) C. 53. 4 ac mihi multa agitanti constabat paucorum civium egregiam virtutem cuncta patravisse. (4) J. 54. 2 Iugurtha ubi gentium aut quid agitaret ...exploratum misit. (5) agitare imperium (pacem bellum moras gaudium praesidium)—a conversational use. Cic. Verr. 5. 114 and 154 dies festos agitare, for the agere which alone is used in