Stuff: The Nature of Chemical Substances

acid analysis argued atoms Brakel carbon century chemical compounds chemical formula chemical properties chemical reactions chemical substances chemists components concept of stuff considered constituents defined definition discussion dissociation distinction eighteenth-century entities entropy epistemic epistemic perspective equation equilibrium everyday example existence experimental experiments form philosophy Gibbs H2O molecules Hence historical ontology homogeneous hydrogen identified identity interaction ions Jaap van Brakel Klein laboratory Lavoisier laws liquid water macroscopic mass material objects matter metals metaphysical microphysical microstructural mixt mixture molecular structure NaCl natural kinds Needham notion ontology organic Ostwald oxygen perceptible phase rule phenomenological philosophy of chemistry physical plant and animal polywater pressure proportions pure substance quantity refers relations Ruthenberg salt samples Schummer scientific sense solution species stances stoichiometric stoichiometric compounds stuff kinds stuff perspective stuff properties temperature theoretical theory thermodynamic things tion transformations triple point ture University vapor Vemulapalli Wald water molecules