about B. c. 220, and who is styled by Livy, 1. xliv., antiquissimus scriptorum ;' M. Porcius Cato Censorius, B. c. 200, who, in his work entitled 'Origines,' traced the early history of the Italian peoples, and whose character is ably sketched by Livy, xxxix. xl. : L. Calpurnius Piso, B. c. 130; Valerius Antias; and others. Of the productions of the authors enumerated but a few fragments remain. Livy was a greater than these, and his greatness is enhanced by his modesty.

Res est .. conficiunt," Besides, both (1) the subject involves vast labour, for it is one to be traced back more than seven hundred years, and one which, setting out from slight beginnings, has extended itself to such a degree, that it is encumbered with its own magnitude; and (2) I have no doubt that to most readers its earlier origin and the events immediately succeeding thereto will afford the less pleasure from their eagerness to get on to these later times, in which the powers of this long influential people are consummating their own prostration." There are two considerations which cause misgivings in the mind of Livy as to the probability that his work will be popular and useful to others in anything like the same proportion as it is laborious and difficult to himself. Of these considerations the first is the arduous character of the undertaking itself: the second is the lack of attractiveness for the majority of readers which, in great part at least, must necessarily attach to his performance. The great toil attendant upon the execution of his task is owing (1) to the remoteness of the antiquity into which a Roman historian, professing to start a primordio urbis,' must extend his researches; and (2) to the cumbersome and unwieldy proportions which the subject eventually assumes in consequence of the rapid growth of the Roman empire, and the multifarious aspect and complicated condition of its domestic institutes and foreign relations.— festinantibus ad hæc nova. The history, and particularly the political history, of a recent period is more generally interesting than the records of a long bygone age. Moreover the period at which Livy wrote was one of the most exciting and eventful in the history of his country.-se conficiunt, namely by luxury and by civil strife. Compare Propertius, III. xi. 6 :

Lucan, 1. 3:

Frangitur ipsa suis Roma superba bonis.

In sua victricem convertit viscera dextram. See also Horace, Epode xvi. &c.--Uninteresting as the early history of Rome may be to most readers, Livy nevertheless proceeds now to point out one particular charm with which it is invested in the eyes of himself as a writer. Ego contra...possit, "I, on the other hand, will seek for this also as a compensation for my trouble, that, at least so long as I am engaged with my undivided attention in searching into those remote times, I may turn away from the spectacle of the ills which our age has witnessed throughout so many years,--unassailed by any of those cares which, though they may not actually warp a writer's mind from the truth, may yet render it uneasy." sollicitum, fidgety, apprehensive of giving offence. Whilst absorbed, says Livy, in exploring the dim and distant origin of our nation, and tracing the doubtful and intricate course of its early progress, I shall happily be withdrawn from the contemplation of its now troubled and swollen greatness; and I shall pursue my impartial investigations into the history of our so remote ancestors, without fear of offending political prejudices or of incurring the displeasure of political leaders and their partisans.

F 3

...

Quæ ante est, "the traditions which have been handed down [with reference to a period] before the city was built or was about to be built [ before the city was built or even projected],—rather embellished with poetic myths [i. e. stories, legends] than possessing the character of authentic records of actual events, such I do not contemplate either corroborating or refuting." decora appears to be used in the sense of decorata = ornata, and monumentis incorruptis to be a descriptive ablative.— Observe the respective positions of quæ and ea. Such an arrangement is very usual in Latin; and had not the relative clause been of some considerable length, the ea might have been dispensed with altogether.

Datur...faciat. The meaning of this sentence is this: the privilege is conceded to antiquity of infusing a dash of the divine into their records of humanity, of mingling the supernatural with the real, that the origin of each state may be invested with greater circumstance and solemnity.

Et si cui... patiuntur, “and (if any people ought to be allowed to sanctify its antecedents by referring them to the gods) such is the military renown of the Roman people, that, when it proclaims that MARS, above all, is the parent of itself and of its founder [i. e. of Romulus], the nations of the earth admit even this with the same acquiescence as that with which they admit its supremacy."

Sed... imperium sit, "But as for these and similar stories, I shall not consider it of much moment, what regard may be paid to them or how they may be estimated: let each man, say I, to the best of his ability," &c. On the value of animadversa and existimata in this passage Crevier has the following note: Utcunque animadversa, i. e. quoquomodo ad ea attenderis, sive acriter, sive negligentius: utcunque existimata, i. e. quoquo modo de iis judicaveris, sive vera, sive falsa, putaveris.--mihi, in this place, is what is called an ethical dative. See the editor's notes on Lucian, p. 102, and on Sophocles' Ed. Tyr. p. 50.

Labente...perventum est, "then, as discipline gradually relaxed, let him mentally follow the course of the national character, at first as it were giving way; next [let him observe] how it declined more and more, and then began to go headlong,--until he has arrived at the present period, when we can endure neither our ailments nor their correctives." The decadence of the Roman character is compared to the falling of an old house, which first begins to sink and settle down, then to lean and topple over, and finally descends precipitately, a mass of wreck and ruin.

Hoc illud. Hoc means what I am about to mention, what is mine and has not yet been imparted to the reader. The addition of illud gives an emphasis which may perhaps be preserved by a translation something like the following: "It is this very thing which is peculiarly wholesome and fertile of result in making an acquaintance with history, namely that one contemplates the lessons afforded by every example [whether good or bad], as they are exposed to our view on the bright record of the past." Exemplum may mean either a model for our imitation or an example for our warning. Omnis exempli is a subjective genitive. The importance of the distinction explained at p. 181 of the editor's Cæsar may justify the repetition here of the note containing the explanation thereof: "We find in Livy the expression injuria mulierum Sabinarum, 'the wrong done to the Sabine women.' In such a relation as this, when the act expressed by the verb cognate to the governing substantive is performed upon the person or thing represented by the governed genitive, the genitive is called objective.

On the contrary, when the act expressed by the verb

which corresponds to the governing substantive is performed by the person or thing represented by the governed genitive, that genitive is called subjective. To assist the reader in making himself familiar with this distinction, we will refer him to a sentence in Cæsar which contains both an objective genitive and a subjective genitive. In Book I. chap. 30, we read pro veteribus Helvetiorum injuriis populi Romani pœnas repetisset, the sense of which is that he had sought retribution for the injuries formerly inflicted by the Helvetii upon the Roman people.' Here Helvetiorum is the subjective genitive, and populi Romani is the objective genitive. The same thing might have been expressed, though less elegantly, thus: pro veteribus injuriis, quibus Helvetii populum Romanum affecissent, pœnas repetisset, where we see that the subjective genitive has been turned into the subject of (i. e. nominative case to) a verb, and the objective genitive into the object of the same verb." There is a good illustration of the difference between an objective genitive and a subjective genitive afforded by an examination of two various readings of a clause in Hamlet's well-known soliloquy. Among the ills which flesh is heir to, he specifies, according to the generally received lection," the proud man's contumely," but according to another version the poor man's contumely." The reader can no doubt determine for himself the character of each of these genitives.

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Nec in quam civitatem would be, in full,nec fuit civitas in quam civitatem. [With regard to the reading of the text Crevier has the following note: Ultimam vocem, quam ignorant vulgo editi, Jac. Gronovius exstare affirmat in antiquissima omnium editione ab Andrea adornata, et in Aldina anni 1518, in scriptis vero septem. Nos eam itidem in omnibus nostris invenimus. Huic MSS. codicum consensui repugnare fas non esse duximus. Offendit editores, quæ visa est non necessaria vox. Sed ejusmodi iterationes, vel nominis ejusdem post relativum, vel* diversorum ejusdem sensus nominum, creberrimæ sunt apud Latinos scriptores.]—parsimoniæ, "thrift."

Nuper... invexere, "of late years wealth has brought in avarice, and the abundance of pleasures has engendered a craving for others,-through the medium of luxury and a wanton desire to perish and to destroy all things."-Deorum is an objective genitive.--orsis is a neuter substantive, dative plural.

CHAPTER i. Arrival in Italy of the Trojans under Æneas and Antenor.— Jam primum... abstinuisse, “Now, in the first place, it is sufficiently established that upon the capture of Troy violence was used towards the rest of the Trojans; but that for [=in the case of] two, Æneas and Antenor, the Greeks waived every right of war, both because of the obligations of an ancient guest-friendship, and because these two had all along been advocates for peace and the restoration of Helen." This chapter contains a long string of infinitives dependent upon constat, or, as some grammarians would have it, constituting, together with the clauses to which they severally belong, the subject or nominative case to constat. The said infinitives are savitum esse, abstinuisse, venisse, tenuisse, venisse (2), delatum (sc. esse), tenuisse (2).--Troja capta. B. c. 1184, on the night of the 11th of June. This is the date usually assigned to the capture of Troy after its ten years' siege. This affair however is little other than a mere poetical collection of heroical legends and mythological tales.-

* As is the case in the passage of the text under consideration. Civitas here is of similar import to the preceding respublica.

sævitum esse, namely, by the triumphant Greeks.-duobus is dative case. The more usual construction of abstinere in this sense is with an ablative, which ablative may be governed by the preposition in the compound verb or by a or ab repeated. However, the dative of the person follows not only verbs of taking away, but also many verbs of keeping or holding away: hence perhaps Livy's employment of the dative here. [Drakenborch reads Eneâ Antenoreque,' making' duobus' the ablative.]—hospitii. We read in II. y. 205, that Antenor received Menelaus and Ulysses as his guests when they came on an embassy to Troy. Previously to this Antenor had been despatched on a mission to Greece for the purpose of negotiating the surrender of Hesione, the captive of Laomedon. In ancient times any act of hospitality performed by a man constituted a lasting tie between his own family and the family of the person entertained by him. At parting the host broke into two pieces a tally of wood, called a tessera, and gave one of the pieces to his guest. By these tokens of guest-friendship the two acquaintances or their respective descendants--for the tie was binding upon these also-were enabled to identify one another ever after. These wooden vouchers were called by the Greeks uußoλa or λíσña.--In Il. n. 348, Antenor is represented as urging the delivery of Helen up to her husband. Some writers have even accused Æneas and Antenor of having betrayed their country to the Greeks.—jus belli. The rights of the conquerors over the conquered. Casibus variis. These words apply to both Æneas and Antenor: immediately afterwards the course of each is described separately. Respecting the latter compare Virgil, Æn. I. 242. Livy makes special mention of Æneas and Antenor; for the former was the remote ancestor of the Roman race, and the latter was the founder of Livy's native city Patavium (now called Padua). The arrival of Antenor in the neighbourhood of what was subsequently the site of Patavium, is denoted by the words 'venisse in intimum maris Hadriatici sinum.'

Euganeis. These people were probably a branch of the Umbrians, dwelling between lake Larinus and the Athesis as far as the Adriatic sea. At a later period they had their seats in the Euganean mountains in the southern part of Tyrol. Pliny speaks of Verona as being inhabited partly by Rhotians and partly by Euganeans.—et in quem locum. The full and complete expression would be et locus in quem locum. In English we generally place the principal clause (or, at least, a portion of it) first, and retain the antecedent in it only; the Latins very commonly give priority to the relative clause, and insert therein the substantive to which the relative pronoun refers.-Henetos. Homer makes mention of the 'EveToi as a people of Paphlagonia in alliance with the Trojans and under the leadership of Pylæmenes, who was afterwards slain by Menelaus.-pago.. est. There appears therefore to have been a district in the Venetian territory called 'pagus Trojanus' even in the time of Livy, this district having derived its epithet from the name 'Troja' given by Anteror to the place of his debarkation.

Simili clade, &c. There is an antithesis between simili and majora. Though Æneas was a fugitive from a similar (virtually, indeed, from the very same) scene of slaughter, yet destiny conducted him onward to enterprises of much greater moment than any which Antenor was fated to embark in.-Laurentem agrum. The town of Laurentum, 'oppidum Laurentum,' was situated about sixteen miles S.S.W. from Rome. But the Laurentine territory, 'ager Laurens,' included, from an early period,

a broad slip of coast extending from the mouths of the Tiber as far as Ardea. All writers agree in representing this to be the first landing-place in Italy of Æneas and his companion refugees. Livy is very explicit in his statement, in the passage before us, that they went by sea all the way from Sicily to the Laurentine country, instead of crossing over the straits of Messina and proceeding afterwards by land.-Troja et huic. Here then was another Troja. Indeed it was very common in olden times for exiles and colonists to give the name of their fatherland to the place where they settled. That the custom is not yet extinct, witness the names of numberless towns in Australia and America for instance.

Aborigines, avτóx@oves, were, strictly speaking, those who were regarded as the original inhabitants of a country. The word is often used, however, in a sense little differing from that of our word 'natives.' At an early period of Italian history, the southern portion of the peninsula was occupied by a race collectively called Oscans, but of which particular communities were distinctively called Opicans, Opscans, Auruncans, or Ausonians. North of the Tiber the country was in possession of a kindred race, the Umbrians. When the Pelasgians invaded Italy, great numbers of the Umbrians were driven by them into the mountains; the Oscans, on the other hand, conquered such of the Pelasgians as invaded their territory. Afterwards the Sabines, who were probably a member of the Umbrian family, issued forth from their mountain retreat and, descending into the plains, made themselves masters of Latium, having subdued both the Pelasgians and their Oscan conquerors in that locality. It was the issue of this composite population which existed at the time of the arrival of the Trojan wanderers, and which Livy called 'Aborigines.'

fidem... sanxisse. He made a solemn promise of future friendship. Cicero calls the right hand fidei testis.'--Penates are the protecting deities (1) of individual households, (2) of states as aggregates of households. The latter were distinguished as majores, whilst the former were styled minores or familiares.

Lavinium. This town was not the same as Lanivium, or, as the MSS. frequently have it, Lanuvium. The two places are, however, often confounded, and, strange to say, it is the latter town, Lanivium or Lanuvium, whose site is occupied by the modern Civita Lavinia. Lavinium, now called Pratica, was nearer than the other both to the sea-coast and to Rome, being about two or three miles from the former and seventeen from the latter. It was included in the ager Laurens.

ii. War of the Trojans in alliance with king Latinus, against Turnus, king of the Rutuli. Death and deification of Æneas.--Turnus. Virgil, An. x. 76, calls Turnus a son of Daunus and Venilia. The Rutuli, whose capital was Ardea, dwelt on the left bank of the river Numicius.--pacta, betrothed, engaged," from pacisci.--Distinguish diffisus, a part of diffi dere (diffido, diffisus sum), " to distrust," from diffissus, a part of diffindere, "to cleave asunder."

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Etruscorum opes. The Etrusci were distinguished at an early period for their civilization and commercial consequence. Originally dwelling on the western side of the Apennines, they were divided into twelve federal cities, at the head of each of which was a chief or prince, called a Lucumo. (From this Etruscan title was derived the Latin prænomen Lucius.) The Etrusci afterwards sent colonies, also twelve in number, to the other side of the Apennines; and these eventually occupied the whole territory beyond the Alps as far as the Po, with the exception of the district of the