Exc. 2. The following nouns have ŭbus, in the dative and ablative plural:

Gěnu, the knee.

Portus, genu, and veru, have likewise tbus; as, portibus or portubus.

Exc. 3. IESUS, the venerable name of our Saviour, has um in the accusative, an u in all the other cases.

Nouns of this declension anciently belonged to the third, and were declined like grus, gruis, a crane; thus, fructus, fructuis, fructui, fructuem, fructue; fructues, fructuum, fructuibus, fructues, fructues, fructuibus. So that all the cases are contracted except the dative singular, and genitive plural. In some writers, we still find the genitive singular in uis; as, Ejus annuis causâ, for anûs. Terent. Heut. ii. 3. 46. and in others, the dative in u; as, Resistere impetu, for impetui, Cic. Fam. x. 24. Esse usu, sibi, for usui, ib. xiii. 71. The genitive plural is sometimes contracted; as, currûm for curruum.

FIFTH DECLENSION.

Nouns of the fifth declension end in es, and are of the feminine gender. See examples, res, a thing; and facies, the face, page 10.

Except dies, a day, masculine or feminine in the singular, and always masculine in the plural ; and meridies, the mid-day or noon, masculine.

The poets sometimes make the genitive, and more rarely the dative, in e.

The nouns of this declension are few in number, not exceeding fifty, and seem anciently to have been comprehended under the third declension. Most of them want the genitive, dative, and ablative plural, and many the plural altogether.

All nouns of the fifth declension end in ies, except three: fides, faith; spes, hope; res, a thing; and all nouns in ies are of the fifth, except these four: abies, a fir tree; ăries, a ram; păries, a wall and quies, rest; which are of the third declension.

IRREGULAR NOUNS.

Irregular nouns may be reduced to three classes, Variable, Defective, and Redundant. I. VARIABLE NOUNS.

Nouns are variable either in gender, or declension, or in both.

I. Those which vary in gender are called heterogeneous, and may be reduced to the following classes:

1. Masculine in the singular, and neuter in the plural.

Avernus, a lake in Campania, hell.
Dindymus, a hill in Phrygia.

Ismărus, a hill in Thrace.

Massicus, a hill in Campania, famous for excellent wines.

Mænǎlus, a hill in Arcadia.
Pangæus, a promontory in Thrace.
Tænarus, a promontory in Laconia.
Tartarus, hell.

Taygětus, a hill in Laconia.

Thus, Averna, Avernorum; Dindyma, -orum; &c. These are thought by some to be properly adjectives, having mons understood in the singular; and juga or cacumina, or the like in the plural. 2. Masculine in the singular, and in the plural masculine and neuter.

Jocus, a jest, pl. joci and joca; locus, a place, pl. loci and loca. When we speak

of passages in a book, or topics in discourse, loci only is used.

3. Feminine in the singular, and neuter in the plural.

Carbăsus, a sail, pl. carbăsa; Pergămus, the citadel of Troy, pl. Pergama.

4. Neuter in the singular, and masculine in the plural.

Calum, pl. cæli, heaven; Elysium, pl. Elysii, the Elysian fields; Argos, pl. Argi, a city in Greece.

5. Neuter in the singular, in the plural masculine or neuter.

Rastrum, a rake, pl. rastri, and rastra; frænum, a bridle, pl. fræni and fræna. 6. Neuter in the singular, and feminine in the plural.

Delicium, a delight, pl. deliciæ; Epŭlum, a banquet, pl. ěpůlæ; Balneum, a bath, pl. balnea, and balnea.

II. Nouns which vary in declension are called heteroclites; as, vas, vāsis, a vessel, pl. vāsa, vasorum; jūgĕrum, jugĕri, an acre, pl. jūgěra, jūgĕrum, jugeribus, which has likewise sometimes jugeris and jugere, in the singular, from the obsolete jugus, or juger.

II. DEFECTIVE NOUNS.

Nouns are defective, either in cases or in number.

Nouns are defective in cases different ways.

1. Some are altogether indeclinable; as, pondo, a pound or pounds; fas, right; něfas, wrong; sināpi, mustard; māne, the morning; as, clarum mane, Pers. A mane ad vesperam, Plaut. Multo mane, &c. cepe, an onion; gausăpe, a rough coat, &c. all of them neuter. We may rank among indeclinable nouns, any word put for a noun; as, velle suum, for sua voluntas, his own inclination, Pers. Istud cras, for iste crastinus dies, that to-morrow. Mart. O magnum Græcorum, the Omega, or the large O of the Greeks. Infidus est compositum ex in et fidus; infidus is compounded of in and fidus. To these add foreign or barbarous names; that is, names which are neither Greek nor Latin; as, Job, Elisabet, Jerusalem, &c.

2. Some are used only in one case, and therefore called monoptōta; as, inquies, want of rest, in the nominative singular; dicis, and nauci, in the gen. singular; thus, dicis gratia, for form's sake; res nauci, a thing of no value; inficias, and incita or incitas, in the acc. pl. thus, ire inficias, to deny; ad incitas redactus, reduced to a strait or nonplus; ingratiis, in the abl. plur. in spite of one; and these ablatives singular, noctu, in the night-time; diu, interdiu, in the day-time; promptu, in readiness; natu, by birth; injussu, without command or leave; ergó, for the sake, as, ergo illius, Virg. Ambāge, f. with a winding or a tedious story; compěde, m. with a fetter; casse, m. with a net; veprem, m. a brier: Plur. ambages, -ibus, compedes, -ibus, casses, -ium; vepres, -ium, &c. 3. Some are used in two cases only, and therefore called diptōta; as, něcesse, or -um, necessity; võlupe, or volup', pleasure; instar, likeness, bigness; astu, a town; hir, the palm of the hand; in the nom. and acc. singular; vesper, m. abl. vespère, or vespěri, the evening; siremps, the same, all alike, abl. strempse ; spontis, f. in the genitive, and sponte in the ablative, of its own accord: so impětis, m. and impěte, force; verběris, n. gen. and verbĕre, abl. a stripe: in the plural entire; verbĕra, verberum, verberibus, &c.-rěpětundarum, abl. repetundis, sc. pecuniis, money unjustly taken in the time of one's office, extortion; suppětiæ, nom. plur. suppětías, in the acc. help; infériæ, inferias, sacrifices to the dead.

4. Several nouns are only used in three cases, and therefore called triptōta; as, prěci, precem, prece, f. a prayer, from prex, which is not used: in the plural it is entire, preces, precum, precibus, &c. Feminis, gen. from the obsolete femen, the thigh; in the dat. and abl. sing.; in the nom. acc. and voc. plur. femina. Dica, a process, acc. sing. dicam; pl. dicas. Tantundem, in the nom. and acc. tantidem, in the gen. even as much. Several nouns in the plural want the genitive, dative, and ablative; as, hiems, rus, thus, mětus, mel, far, and most nouns of the fifth declension.

To this class of defective nouns, may be added these neuters, mělos, a song; měle, songs: epos, an heroic poem; căcoethes, an evil custom ; cete, whales; Tempe, plur. a beautiful vale in Thessaly, &c. used only in the nom. acc. and voc.-also, grātes, f. thanks.

5. The following nouns want the nominative, and of consequence the vocative, and therefore are called tetraptōta: vicis, f. of the place or stead of another; pecudis, f. of a beast; sordis, f. of filth; ditionis, f. of dominion, power; õpis, f. of help. Of these pěcŭdis and sordis have the plur. entire; ditionis wants it altogether; vicis is not used in the genitive plural; opis in the plural, generally signifies wealth, or power, seldom help. To these add nex, slaughter; daps, a dish of meat; and frux, corn; hardly used in the nominative singular, but in the plural mostly entire.

6. Some nouns only want one case, and are called pentaptōta; thus, os, the mouth; lux, light; fax, a torch, together with some others, want the genitive plural. Chaos, n. a confused mass, wants the genitive singular, and the plural entirely; dative singular, chao. So satias, i. e. satietas, a glut or full of any thing. Situs, a situation, nastiness, of the fourth declension, wants the genitive, and perhaps the dative singular; also the genitive, dative, and ablative plural.

Of nouns defective in number there are various sorts.

1. Several nouns want the plural, from the nature of the things which they express. Such are the names of virtues and vices, of arts, herbs, metals, liquors, different kinds of corn, most abstract nouns, &c. as, justitia, justice; ambitus, ambition; astus, cunning; musica, music; ăpium, parsley; argentum, silver; aurum, gold; lac, milk; triticum, wheat; hordeum, barley; ăvēna, oats; juventus, youth, &c. But of these we find several sometimes used in the plural.

2. The following masculines are hardly ever found in the plural:

3. The following feminines are scarcely used in the plural:

5. Many nouns want the singular; as, the names of feasts, books, games, and several cities; thus,

7. The following feminines want the singular number:

Excubiæ, watches.

Exsequiæ, funerals.
Exuviæ, spoils.

Făcētiæ, pleasant sayings.
Făcultates, -ium, one's goods and
chattels.
Feriæ, holidays.
Gådes, -ium, Cadiz.
Gerræ, trifles.

Hyades, -um, the seven stars.
Induciæ, a truce.
Indŭviæ, clothes to put on.
Ineptiæ, silly stories.
Insidiæ, anares.
Kǎlendæ, Nōnæ, Idus, -uum,
names which the Romans gave
to certain days in each month.

Lautia, provisions for the entertainment of foreign Tesqua, rough places.

ambassadors.

Lustra, dens of wild beasts.

Magalia, -ium, cottages.

Several nouns in each of the above lists are found also in the singular, but in a different sense; thus, castrum, a castle; litera, a letter of the alphabet, &c.

III. REDUNDANT NOUNS.

Nouns are redundant in different ways: 1. In termination only; as, arbos and arbor, a tree. 2. In declension only; as, laurus, gen. lauri and laurûs, a laurel-tree; sequester, -tri, or -tris, a mediator. 3. Only in gender; as, hic or hoc vulgus, the rabble. 4. Both in termination and declension; as, matèria, -a, or materies, -iëi, matter; plebs, -is, the common people, or plebes, -is, -či, or contracted, plebi. 5. In termination and gender; as, tonitrus, -ûs, masc. tonitru, neuter, thunder. 6. In declension and gender; as, pěnus, -i, and -ûs, m. or f. or penus, -õris, neut. all kinds of provisions. 7. In termination, gender, and declension; as, æther, -ĕris, masc. and athra, -æ, feminine, the sky. 8. Several nouns in the same declension are differently varied; as, tigris, -is, or -idis, a tiger; to which may be added nouns which have the same signification in different numbers; as, Fidēna, -æ; or Fidenæ, -arum, the name of a city.

The most numerous class of redundant nouns consists of those which express the same meaning by different terminations; as, menda, -œ; and mendum, -i, a fault; cassis, -idis; and cassida, -dæ, a helmet.

So,

Elĕgus, and -éia, an elegy.

Aphractus, and -um, an open ship.

Angiportus, -ûs, and -i, and -um, a narrow lane. Essěda, and -um, a chariot.

Eventus, and -um, an event.

Aplustre, and -um, the flag, colours.

Băculus, and -um, a staff.

Fulgetra, and -um, lightning.

Gălērus, and -um, a hat.

Balteus, and -um, a belt.

Bătillus, and -um, a fire-shovel.

Căpălus, and -um, a hilt.

Căpus, and -o, a capon.
Cépa, and -e, indec. an onion.
Clypeus, and -um, a shield.
Colluvics, and -io, filth, dirt.
Compages, and -go, a joining
Conger, and -grus, a large eel.
Crocus, and -um, saffron

Gibbus, and -a, and -er, ĕris, or -ĕri, a bunch, a swelling.

Gluttinum, and -en, glue.

Hebdomas, and -ăda, a week.

Intrita, and -um, fine mortar, minced meat.

Librărium, and -a, a book-case.

Măceria, and -es, -iëi, a wall.

Milliare, and -ium, a mile.

Monitum, and -us, -ûs, an admonition

Muria, and -es, iëi, brine or pickle.

Nasus, and -um, the nose.
Obsidio, and -um, a siege.
Oestrus, and -um, a gad-bee.
Ostrea, and -um, an oyster.
Peplus, and -um, a veil, a robe.
Pistrina, and -um, a bake-house.
Prætextus, -ûs, and -um, a pretext.
Rapa, and -um, a turnip.
Rúma, and -men, the cud.

Ruscus, and -um, a brush.

Seps, and sépes, f. a hedge.

Segmen, and -mentum, a piece or paring.
Sibilus, and -um, a hissing.
Sinus, and -um, a milk-pail.
Spurcitia, and -es, nastiness.
Strämen, and -tum, straw.
Suffimen, and -tum, a perfume.
Tignus, and -um, a plank.
Toral, and -ale, a bed-covering.
Torcular, and -are, a wine-press.
Viscus, and -um, bird-lime.
Věternus, and -um, o lethargy.

Note. The nouns which are called variable and defective, seem originally to have been redundant; thus, vāsa, -orum, properly comes from vasum, and not from vas; but custom, which gives laws to all languages, has dropt the singular and retained the plural; and so of others.

Division of Nouns according to their signification and derivation.

1. A substantive which signifies many in the singular number, is called a Collective noun; as, populus, a people; exercitus, an army.

2. A substantive derived from another substantive proper, signifying one's extraction, is called a Patronymic noun; as, Priămides, the son of Priamus; Æētias, the daughter of Æētes; Nērīne, the daughter of Nereus. Patronymics are generally derived from the name of the father; but the poets, by whom they are chiefly used, derive them also from the grandfather, or from some other remarkable person of the family; sometimes likewise from the founder of a nation or people; as, Æăcides, the son, grandson, great-grandson, or one of the posterity of Eăcus; Romulidæ, the Romans, from their first king, Romulus.

Patronymic names of men end in des; of women in is, as, or ne. Those in des and ne, are of the first declension, and those in is and as, of the third; as, Priamides, -dæ, &c. pl. dæ, -darum, &c. Nērīne, -es; Tyndāris, -idis, or -idos; Æētias, -ădis, &c. 3. A noun derived from a substantive proper, signifying one's country, is called a Partial or Gentile noun; as, Tros, Trois, a man born at Troy; Troas, -ădis, a woman born at Troy: Siculus, -i, a Sicilian man; Sīcēlis, dis, a Sicilian woman : so, Macedo, -onis; Arpīnas, -ātis, a man born in Macedonia, Arpinum; from Troja, Sicilia, Macedonia, Arpinum. But partials, for the most part, are to be considered as adjectives having a substantive understood; as, Romānus, Atheniensis, &c.

4. A substantive derived from an adjective, expressing simply the quality of the adjective, without regard to the thing in which the quality exists, is called an Abstract; as, justitia, justice; bonitas, goodness; dulcedo, sweetness: from justus, just; bonus, good; dulcis, sweet. The adjectives from which these abstracts come, are called Concretes; because, besides the quality, they also suppose something to which it belongs. Abstracts commonly end in a, as, or do, and are very numerous, being derived from most adjectives in the Latin tongue.

5. A substantive derived from another substantive, signifying a diminution or lessening of its signification, is called a Diminutive; as, libellus, a little book; chartula, a little paper; opucsulum, a little work; corculum, a little heart; reticulum, a small net; scăbellum, a small form; lapillus, a little stone; cultellus, a little knife; pagella, a little page; from liber, charta, opus, cor, rēte, scamnum, lapis, culter, pagina. Several diminutives are sometimes formed from the same primitive; as, from puer, puerulus, puellus, puellulus; from cista, cistula, cistella, cistellŭla; from homo, homuncio, homunculus. Diminutives for the most part end in lus, la, lum, and are generally of the same gender with their primitives. When the signification of the primitive is increased, it is called an Amplificative, and ends in o; as, Căpito, -ōnis, having a large head; so, nāso, lăbeo, bucco, having a large nose, lips, cheeks.

6. A substantive derived from a verb is called a Verbal noun; as, amor, love; doctrina, learning; from ămo, and doceo. Verbal nouns are very numerous, and commonly end in io, or, us, and ura; as, lectio, a lesson; ămātor, a lover; luctus, grief; creătura, a creature.

ADJECTIVE.

An adjective is a word added to a substantive, to express its quality; as, hard, soft. We know things by their qualities only. Every quality must belong to some subject. An adjective therefore always implies a substantive expressed or understood, and cannot make full sense without it.