merely a redistribution of political emoluments, but the overthrow of existing institutions amid riot and bloodshed. Where the orator urges the public safety as ground for decisive action against the enemies of society, his argument must stand as long as society itself shall endure; it is just as applicable now as it was then. If it is ever justifiable for a governmental body to violate the letter of a constitution in obedience to the higher law of the self-preservation of society itself, the Roman Senate was fully justified in taking cognizance of the case of the Catilinarian conspirators, and dealing with them summarily.

8. popularem: 'a friend of the people.' 13. publicationem bonorum: confiscation of property usually accompanied severe sentences; still Caesar's attitude in this matter is difficult to understand. He probably believed that the Senate had no right to condemn the conspirators; yet his motion itself recognized the Senate's jurisdiction. It may be that he proposed the life sentence simply to save the lives of the prisoners temporarily, trusting to the future to restore either their freedom or their property, or both, if after sufficient time the sentence seemed too severe.

VI. 17. comitem: Caesar, who, if his motion prevailed, would according to custom accompany the consul when formal announcement of it should be made to the people. 20. eam: i. e. Silani sententiam. 24. ita ut: 'so may it be my lot

to enjoy.. as.'

28. Videor, etc. : a striking example of vision, a figure known to the Roman rhetoricians as subiectio in oculos. 30. sepulta in patria: we should say, 'on the grave of my country.' 31. miseros, insepultos: trans. as if with civium. acervos: i. e. acervos corporum. 32. aspectus: 'the (ferocious) appearance.' 33. regnantem: more graphic than regnare. Cf. B. 337, 3, a; A. 292, e; H. 335, I., 4. 34. fatis: cf. p. 92,

24, and N.

3. fa

Page 109. 1. purpuratum: suggesting oriental luxury and despotism; for in the eastern monarchies the ministers and courtiers nearest the king were dressed in royal purple. milias: B. 21, 2, a ; A. 36, b; H. 49, 1. IDIOMS. 11. an: for an potius. 312, 2; A. 316; H. 507, III., 2. Owing to the immense numbers of slaves owned by the Romans, recourse was had to the sever

9. supplicium: see 12. qui:= si is. B.

est measures to keep them submissive. If a master was killed by a slave, all the slaves under his roof at the time were put to death, on the pretext that they ought to have prevented the crime.

15. in: 'in the case of.'

19. vestigiis : ' remains.'

23. fama in the sense of infamia. 24. Nisi vero: introduces an exception ironically. B. 306, 5; A. 315, b. L. Caesar: see Vocab. under Caesar (2). He made these remarks probably at the meeting of the Senate, Dec. 3, when called upon to give his vote. 26. virum: husband;' the conspirator

Lentulus, who had married Lucius Caesar's sister Julia.

28. avum: M. Fulvius Flaccus, put to death by the consul Opimius; see p. 62, 16. Lucius Caesar introduced this precedent from his family history in order to justify the severity of his judgment on Lentulus. 29. legatum: the boy, eighteen

34. avus:

years of age, had been sent by his father to treat with Opimius, who would listen to no offer of reconciliation. As he was sent a second time, Opimius placed him in custody, and then suddenly directing a vigorous attack slew among others both the father and the elder brother. Afterwards the younger son was killed in prison. 30. Quorum: = = Atque horum. simile: i. e. to what the Catilinarian conspirators proposed; sc. fuit. 32. versata est: 'prevailed,' 'was prevalent.' see Vocab. under Lentulus (1); cf. p. 93, 18. Page 110. 2. quid . . . deminueretur : 'that the welfare of the state might not suffer in any degree.' hic i. e. hic Lentulus; but hic does not imply that Lentulus was now present. Probably the conspirators were kept closely guarded during this meeting of the Senate, in the various houses to which they had been assigned. 4. servitia: cf. p. 105, 8, and N., and N. to p. 72, 16. 7. Vereamini, censeo: 'Of course you may well be afraid;' ironical; potential subj.

...

...

VII. 13. ea, quae exaudio: refers to whispered remarks among the senators, as shown by what follows. 15. vereri ut: cf. est verendum, ne (l. 10); difference in force? 17. transigunda: B. 116, 2; A. 12, d, end; H. 239. Omnia sunt: strong guards had been placed about the Forum and the adjacent parts. 19. multo maiore voluntate: why separated? B. 350, 11, a; A. 344, e; H. 561, III. 20. summum imperium : '(their) full sovereignty,' threatened by Catiline; perhaps also a

hint at the designs of Lentulus.

23. circum forum: attribu

tive to templa. 24. huius templi ac loci: the temple of Concord; redundant expression.

25. Causa haec sola: reason for position? see IDIOMS.

post:

26. omnes : omnes cives, several classes of 28. soli: cf. p. 85, 20, and N.

whom are mentioned below.

34. Quid commemorem: notice the difference between commemoro (p. 111, 26).

this and quid ·

Page 111. 1. ita ut: = 'only so far that.'

summam

ordinis consilique: 'the first place in rank and counsel.' 2. de: we should say 'in.'

3. huius ordinis := 'with this body,' the Senate. The strife between the Senate and the body of knights arose over the right to sit as jurors for criminal trials, in the quaestiones perpetuae (cf. p. 60). Originally this right belonged exclusively to members of the Senate; but most of the greater trials arose from the misgovernment of provinces, and as the governors in all cases were senators, miscarriage of justice was alarmingly frequent. To remedy this evil, Gaius Gracchus in 122 B. C. had a law passed which took away from the senators the right to serve in such trials, and conferred it upon the knights exclusively. This arrangement proved to be hardly better than the other; for the knights, as the capitalist body, controlled the farming of revenues, having their financial agents (publicani) in every province; and they were influenced in their judgment of questions of misgovernment very largely by the consideration whether the governor on trial had been favorable or unfavorable to the men of their class engaged in collecting the revenue in the territory under his administration. Sulla restored the earlier arrangement; but the feeling between the orders was more bitter than ever. Finally in 70 B. C. the Lex Aurelia brought about at least a surface reconciliation, by providing for a division of judicial functions equally among the Senate, the body of knights, and the paymasters (tribuni aerarii), a class recognized now for the first time.

3. societatem concordiamque : 'harmonious fellowship;' hendiadys. 4. revocatos: by the Lex Aurelia, passed seven years before; but previous to this day no emergency had arisen of such a character as to bring this harmony to the surface and make it manifest to all.

11. tribunos aerarios: the position and functions of these officials are not clearly understood, apart from the fact that they were plebeians, and that in earlier times at least they were especially concerned with the collecting and disbursement of moneys for military purposes. scribas: sc. publicos. As at Rome the principal officers of government changed every year, the permanent 'clerks' or 'secretaries' naturally came to be indispensable by reason of their experience, and reached a degree of importance entitling them to recognition as a distinct class. The most prominent among them were those under the quaestors (scribae quaestorii); for the management of the public finances in large measure rested in their hands.

12. quos casu, etc.: on the nones of December the new quaestors came to the Treasury (in the Temple of Saturn, near the Temple of Concord; see Plan facing p. 76), in order to settle by lot in what provinces they would spend their year of office. The clerks gathered at the same place to determine (probably also by lot) under what quaestors they were to serve. 13. frequentasset: had gathered in throngs;' plup. on account of

esse conversos.

15. ingenuorum: 'free-born citizens,' as contrasted with those that had come up from slavery, the 'freedmen' (libertini); cf. 1. 20.

29. Servus 30. qui

VIII. 20. Operae: see IDIOMS. 21. sua virtute: i. e. by their exertions they had obtained their liberty and secured the boon of citizenship. Cf. p. 58, and Acts xxii. 27, 28. 26. commemoro; why not commemorem? est nemo: more emphatic than nullus servus est. modo sit: 'provided only he be,' or 'none at least who is;' close limitation of servus nemo, while the following relative clauses deal with broader characteristics. 32. haec cf. p. 70, II, and N. non quantum, etc.: i. e. non tantum voluntatis conferat, quantum conferre audet; referring to slaves of the conspirators. Reason for the position of voluntatis?

Page 112. 2. lenonem: a term of contempt. 3. pretio : 'for money.' Why abl.? 7. illum locum: referring particularly to the Forum, on two sides of which at this time there 8. lectulum: cf. were rows of shops (tabernae); see Plan. p. 65, 5, and N.

9. otiosum: 'quiet,' 'peaceful,' as undis13. instrumentum: 'appliance (of

turbed by war's alarms.

industry).' 14. frequentia civium sustentatur, alitur otio : what is this arrangement of words called? B. 350, 11, c; A. 344, ƒ; H. 562. 16. quid, etc.: more forcible than quid tandem fuisset, si incensae essent? B. 305, 1; A. 310; H. 507, III., 3, N. 7. IX. 20. ex media morte: see IDIOMS.

27. arcem: on

the northern summit of the Capitoline hill, while the Capitolium occupied the southern; these elevations were separated at the aras Penatium : i. e. middle of the hill by a depression.

28. il

aras Penatium publicorum, in the Temple of Vesta. lum: with a gesture toward the small round Temple of Vesta, over the centre of whose conical roof perhaps a thread of smoke was seen curling upwards; cf. Plan facing p. 76. Notice the rhetorical effect of the anaphora and asyndeta.

32. omnium: sc. vestri.

and N.

33. hodierno die: see p. 106, 1,

Page 113.

1. quae

an advantage which.' 3. in civili causa: 'in

habetis: 'you have (on your side).'

a political issue.' 4. quantis . . . delerit: condensed for quantis laboribus fundatum sit imperium (the sovereignty' of our state), quanta virtute stabilita sit libertas, nox paene delerit. Why subj.?

quae una

7. una nox: the night of the arrest of the Allobroges, as indicated by a passage in the oration for Flaccus (XL. 102): O nox illa, quae paene aeternas huic urbi tenebras attulisti, cum Galli ad bellum, Catilina ad urbem, coniurati ad ferrum et flammam vocabantur; some, however, think that the night of the meeting at Laeca's, or that of the 19th of December, is referred to. 8. non modo non: the second non is omitted in some of the MSS., and may possibly have been inserted by some copyist. Cf. p. 71, 21, and N. 13. officio consulari: cf. N. to p. 103, I.

26. gratu

X. 14. ad sententiam: sc. rogandam; cf. N. to p. 64, 28. 20. dignitas: here auctoritas. = 22. paenitebit: cf. Vocab. mors, quam minitantur: so modern anarchists are constantly threatening death to those who enforce the laws. lationem := supplicationem. Cf. p. 95, 21-28, and N. 28. ille: force? B. 246, 3; A. 102, b; H. 450, 4. Africam redire, Italia decedere: hysteron proteron. 7; A. 385; H. 636, v., 2. Scipio (2).

29. in B. 374, 30. Africanus: see Vocab. under 33. quondam: belongs with the superlatives.