24. inusitatum: in the sense of contra morem.

duo con

sules of the year 77 B. C., Mamercus Aemilius Lepidus and Decimus Junius Brutus, both of whom had declined to assume command of the war with Sertorius. 26. bellum: see N. to Hispaniense, p. 127, 14. pro consule: i. e. with the rank and authority of a proconsul in a province.

28. non nemo: we

should say, 'more than one.' 29. L. Philippus: famous for his sharp wit. 31. rei gerendae: 'of a successful hanIdling of the state's interest.'

Page 141. 1. ex senatus consulto: well introduced here, as pointing out the favoring of Pompey by the Senate, the party which was opposing this bill. The Senate settled matters pertaining to triumphs; yet in setting aside the restrictions referred to, it assumed a prerogative belonging to the people. 2. legibus solutus: 'released from the restrictions' which placed the earliest legal age for holding the consulship at fortythree, and made it necessary for a man to have been praetor before consul, and quaestor before praetor. Pompey became consul when he was thirty-five. ullum alium magistratum : Cicero is thinking only of the consular offices; for the quaestorship could have been held after the age of thirty. Mommsen, however, thinks that the legal age for the quaestorship was thirty-seven, though men were for various reasons admitted to it earlier.

4. iterum eques: i. e. not yet admitted to the Senate and into the senatorial order; cf. N. to p. 122, 23. This triumph was over the Spanish tribes in alliance with Sertorius (N. to p. 127, 14), and was celebrated Dec. 31, B. C. 71, the day before Pompey entered upon the duties of the consulship. 5. Quae in - nova, ea: 'And the innovations which in the case of.' 8. Atque: 'And further;' the aristocracy through the Senate are responsible for all these innovations.

16. cum:

XXII. 12. non ferendum := intolerabile. 'now that.' 24. plus. vidistis: 'have had a deeper insight in regard to public interests.' 26. aliquando: for tandem aliquando. isti principes: Catulus and Hortensius as leaders of the aristocracy.

29. Atque, etc.: application of the more general statement in chapters XIII. and XIV. to the case in hand. Asiatico et regio: the epithets suggest the luxury of surroundings and

6

wealth of plunder against the seductions of which few Roman officers were proof. 33. interiorum: further inland.' 34. nostrum imperatorem: 'a general of ours.' nihil aliud: i. e. de alia re. Kind of acc.?

Page 142. 2. pudore ac temperantia moderatiores: = 'possessed of more than ordinary conscientiousness and selfmastery.' 3. cupidorum: i. e. pecuniae; for avarorum. 7. libidines: acts of lawlessness.' 11. quibus causa belli inferatur against which a pretext for war can be devised.' as we say, 'between ourselves,' where we can and deeds freely. 17. hostium simula

13. coram :

talk over men

tione := 'making the enemy a pretext (merely).' 19. non modo: trans. as if non modo non; the following sed is for sed etiam. B. 343, 2, a; H. 552, 2. 20. animos ac spiritus

capere: 'satisfy the arrogance and insolence.'

XXIII. 22. collatis signis: see IDIOMS. How lit.? 24. erit idem: 'shall also be (one).' 26. gaza: Persian word, generally used of oriental treasure. 27. manus, oculos, animum: rhetorical amplification of se. 29. Ecquam: emphatic. pacatam fuisse : 'has been considered tranquillized,' i. e. ‘has been left in peace.' 31. pacata esse: 'to be in a state of tranquillity.' The only alleviating feature of the Roman provincial government of this period is, that it was in many cases no more harsh or rapacious than the government which preceded it.

Page 143. 1. pecunia publica: see p. 131, 1-4, and N. praeter paucos : a saving phrase, to avoid giving offence by a sweeping statement. 2. neque. nomine and that they were gaining nothing else with their fleets existing only in name' (how lit?); i. e. the fleets being in so deplorable a state because the money appropriated for them had been embezzled. A notorious instance was that of Marcus Antonius, named Creticus, son of the orator, who in 74 B. C. held a command against the pirates which he turned to his own advantage, finally losing what fleet he had in a battle with the Cretans.

4. cupiditate: for money. Men ran heavily into debt with a view to recouping themselves from the governorship of a province. 5. iacturis 'outlays,' expenditures incurred in buying one's way to power. 6. condicionibus: 'terms' with creditors and political supporters.

7. qui . . . arbitrantur: cf.

p. 136, 25, and N.

B. 276, c; A. 269, a, 2;

cf. p. 135, 29, and N.

10. nolite dubitare: 'do not hesitate.' H. 489, 1). For the constr. with quin, 11. unus: 'the (only) one.'

ingenio: here, as often, refers 21. pro 'consistently with.'

14. est vobis auctor: 'you have as a supporter' of the bill. 15. P. Servilius: see Vocab. under Vatia. 18. Curio: see Vocab. under Curio (1). 20. particularly to oratorical talent. 22. gravitatem: when censor in 70 B. C. with Lucius Gellius, this Lentulus (no. 4 in Vocab.) removed from the Senate no fewer than sixty-four members, not far from an eighth of the whole number. 24. ut: here 'how,' 'whether.'

CONCLUSION. XXIV.

XXIV. 27. Quae ... sint: here used to introduce the conclusion of the entire speech; cf. p. 36. 28. voluntatem et sententiam: 'feeling and expressed opinion,' amplifying legem. 30. auctore populo Romano: as we should say 'backed by the Roman people,' with the Roman people behind you.' 31. vim aut minas: perhaps a hint at the unhappy experience of Gabinius the year before; cf. p. 138, 26, and N. 33. studio: as p. 140, 22. 34. iterum nunc: counting the passing of Gabinius's bill as the first time. in: 'in the case of.' Page 144. 1. quid est, quod: 'what reason is there, that.' de re: i. e. de praeficiendo Pompeio.

4. quicquid: see IDIOMS.

hoc beneficio: 'by reason of

praetorship, as explained and 9. huic loco temploque:

this preferment,' the honor of the amplified by the following clause. 'this place and consecrated spot.' The original idea of templum was a place set aside for worship; after that either a place or a building that had been consecrated by certain religious acts. The Rostra belonged to the latter category. 12. quo: quia, 'because.' 13. quo: ut eo, in order

=

that by this means.'

17. ab uno: for ab (at the hands of') uno homine, referring to Pompey. 18. ratione: 'calling,' 'profession,' of advocate.

20. mihi: trans. as if a me; see N. to p. 159, 23. 22. tantum, etc.: see Vocab. under absum. B. 284, 1; A. 332, d; H. 25. non inutiles: litotes.

502, 3.

H. 637, VIII. quaestorship.

B. 375, 1; A. 209, c; 27. beneficiis praetorship, curule aedileship,

Page 145.

was not an

THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS.

A. LICINIO ARCHIA: the name Archias (Apxías) uncommon one, particularly among the Dorian Greeks. The Latin nomen and praenomen were assumed when the poet became a Roman citizen, Licinius being the gens name of his chief patrons, the Luculli; but why he chose the forename Aulus instead of one of those common in the family of the Luculli is not clear.

ORATIO: delivered before a court (quaestio), over which the orator's brother, Quintus Cicero, presided, being then praetor. Whether this was one of the regular courts (cf. p. 60), as the quaestio de maiestate, or a commission established by the statute under which the poet was brought to trial, is not known; it is more likely to have been the latter. For an outline of the thought, see p. 48.

INTRODUCTION.

Exordium-Partitio. I., II.

...

I. 1. Si quid, etc.: 'Whatever talent (i. e. for public speaking; see N. to p. 143, 20), . . . whatever readiness of speech, whatever (acquaintance with the) theory of this art (of public speaking), . . . reside in me, jurors.' The orator mentions the first two essentials to success in oratory (natural ability and the readiness acquired by practice) as leading up to the third, in which lay the basis of his obligation to Archias. ingeni: why not ingenii ? quod subject of sit; trans. as if et id. Self-depreciatory beginnings were common in speeches of this kind, being intended to win the favorable attention of the jurors. 2. aut -aut: for et — et, as more modest.

3. non infitior: litotes. B. 375, I; A. 209, c; H. 637, VIII. Note the increase in positiveness, sentio - - non infitior— confiteor. disciplina: 'the pursuit and training of

4. optimarum

=

the most liberal studies' (cf. p. 146, 29), i. e. philology, or gram

mar in the broad sense, rhetoric, music, and philosophy. Cicero was a firm believer in general culture as a foundation for oratory. 5. a qua... abhorruisse: 'to which . . . has been inattentive,' or 'of which . . . has been neglectful;' the antecedent of qua is ratio. Cicero, as a practical lawyer, in a way apologizes to a jury of practical men for having given attention to the theory of oratory. 6. aetatis: vitae. 7. vel: 'even.' hic not necessarily spoken with a gesture; why? A. Licinius the orator cleverly assumes the citizenship of Archias by using his Latin name.

8. suo iure: 'by an indefeasible right;' stronger than iure alone, as implying that the right is fully admitted by the speaker. Cf. B. 244, 4; H. 449, 2. 9. quoad longissime : 'just as far as.' 10. memoriam ultimam: 'the earliest recollection.' 11. inde usque repetens: 'going back even How lit.? 12. suscipiendam: 'choosing.' 13. rationem: 'course.'

to that time.'

=

prae

14. Quod Now.' B. 185, 2; A. 240, b; H. 453, 6. : ceptis: not institutione, ‘instruction,' because Archias was only an intimate adviser, not a teacher, of Cicero. 15. non nullis aliquando: modest expression. a quo the apodosis begins here. 16. ceteris: 'the rest' of my clients in general, who have availed themselves of my services. others' than Archias, who have been brought a criminal court. Both ceteris and alios are should be introduced in trans. after huic ipsi. etc. see IDIOMS.

alios: (many) to trial before proleptic, and 17. quantum,

neque: 'and not.'

21. aut:

19. ita: 'so (strongly).' alia, etc. strange that an orator should confess obligation to a poet. 20. sit: what different force would est have here? instead of ac, on account of the preceding negative. huic uni studio: of oratory. 22. penitus: 'exclusively.' dediti fuimus : 'have been devoted;' fuimus is often preferred to sumus when the accompanying perfect pass. participle, as here, has more of an adjective than a participial force.

Page 146. 2. inter se continentur: 'stand related to one another.' Cf. Cic. de Orat. III. vI. 21: Est etiam illa Platonis vox ('saying') omnem doctrinam harum ingenuarum et humanarum artium uno quodam societatis vinculo contineri.

vera