Exordium. Partitio. Narratio. 2. OUTLINE OF THE ORATION FOR ARCHIAS. INTRODUCTION. Obligation of the orator to undertake the defence of Archias. The character of the case, requiring treatment out of the ordinary. CHAP. I.; II., first part. It will be proved that Archias is a Roman citizen; that if he were not, he ought to be. II., end. Birth, fame, travels of Archias; his reception at Rome; his enrolment as a citizen at Heraclea, then at Rome. III.; IV., first part. DISCUSSION. A. Proof that Archias is a Roman citizen. Confirmatio. I. Proof of enrolment as a citizen at Heraclea by witnesses. IV., middle. 2. Proof of residence and registration at Rome by the concentration of his interests there, by the presence of his name on a praetor's register, and by the recognition of his standing as a citi zen in various transactions. IV., end; v. B. Proof that Archias ought in any case to be a Roman citizen. 1. The promotion of literature a matter of general interest: :a. Indebtedness of the orator to literature for both ideals and inspiration. VI. Refutatio. b. Refutation of the objection that there have been great men who were not versed in letters. VII., first part. c. Universal appreciation of literature. first part. VII., latter part; VIII 2. The special claims of Archias as a poet : a. Veneration due to poetic genius. VIII., latter part. b. His treatment of national themes. IX., first part. c. Precedents from the cases of Ennius and Theophanes. IX., end; x. d. Fame an incentive and reward of deeds; future services of Archias in magnifying the Roman name. XI.; XII., first part. CONCLUSION. Conclusio. a. Summary of evidence. XII., middle. b. Appeal for a sympathetic consideration of the case. XII., latter part. V. THE ADDRESS OF THANKS FOR THE PARDON OF MARCELLUS. I. OCCASION AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF DELIVERY. Marcus Claudius Marcellus belonged to the most distinguished of the plebeian branches of the great Claudian gens. Nothing is known of his early life except that from boyhood he was a warm friend of Cicero. He was curule aedile in 56 B. C., and consul in 51. During his consulship, being an ardent partisan of Pompey, he manifested the most bitter hatred toward Caesar. The latter had recently settled a colony at Comum, in Cisalpine Gaul, conferring special privileges upon the inhabitants; Marcellus caused a prominent native of the place to be publicly flogged at Rome, simply in order to bring Caesar's authority into contempt. As the relations between Pompey and Caesar became more and more strained, Marcellus was less vehement, and tried to delay the inevitable outbreak of hostilities; failing in this attempt, he lent a halfhearted support to the side of Pompey, whom he joined in Epirus. After the battle of Pharsalus he retired to Mytilene and devoted himself to his favorite studies, oratory and philosophy, remaining there in voluntary exile. After Caesar had gained the supreme power, his leniency. toward his former enemies was a matter of surprise to all. In accordance with his usual policy he paid no attention to Marcellus, who resisted the urgent advice of Cicero to ask the dictator's pardon. Meanwhile Marcellus's friends were active in his behalf. At length in the summer of 46, at a meeting of the Senate, Gaius Marcellus, a brother of Marcus, threw himself at Caesar's feet and implored the forgiveness of the exile, being joined in his supplication by many of the senators. Caesar, having commented on the hatred Marcellus had borne him, and on the danger to himself in freely allowing his ene mies to return, declared that he would leave the decision of the matter to the Senate, which was apparently unanimous in the desire to have Marcellus restored to civil rights. Cicero was touched by the magnanimity of the dictator, and also thought he saw in this deference to the opinion of the Senate an entering wedge to the restoration of the authority of that body, and promise of a return to the old constitutional forms. Inspired by the occasion, he arose and expressed the feeling of the moment in an impassioned address of thanks to Caesar, the speech known by the inaccurate title of Pro Marcello. Though Marcellus appeared indifferent regarding the opportunity to return to Rome, he soon after set out for Italy. Stopping at the Piraeus on the way, he was murdered there, doubtless in consequence of a private feud. Since the time of F. A. Wolf, who in 1802 published an elaborate argument against the Ciceronian authorship of the Pro Marcello, the genuineness of this speech has been much discussed. Recent criticism has restored it to Cicero, to whom it undoubtedly belongs. It appears, however, to have been published immediately after its delivery, perhaps from short-hand notes, without the careful revision which Cicero usually gave to his speeches. It possesses a peculiar interest for the modern reader on account of the temporary reconciliation of the orator with the dictator which it pictures, even though the enthusiasm of the moment led to an overstatement of Caesar's virtues. Yet such exaggeration, considering the circumstances and the temperament of the speaker, is far from unnatural; and in fact lends a poetic coloring to the style. Exordium. 2. OUTLINE OF THE MARCELLUS. INTRODUCTION. The unprecedented clemency of Caesar, shown by the pardon of Marcellus, forces me to speak. CHAP. I. Confirmatio. DISCUSSION. A. The deeds of Caesar. 1. Great beyond description are Caesar's deeds, especially in war. II. 2. But greater is his clemency. III., IV. 3. The pardon of Marcellus augurs well for the peace and welfare of the State. V., VI. B. Caesar's danger. I. Danger to Caesar is peril to the State. VII. 2. His work is not finished so long as so much remains to be done, not only for the present but also for the future. VIII., IX. 5. Caesar's safety is our safety. X. Conclusio. thanks. XI. CONCLUSION. For this gracious pardon we all return our heartfelt vi. THE FOURTH SPEECH AGAINST ANTONY. I. OCCASION AND CIRCUMSTANCES OF DELIVERY. In the year 44 B. C. Julius Caesar was consul for the fifth time, with Marcus Antonius (known as Mark Antony, or Antony) as colleague. After the assassination of Caesar (15 March), Antony made a compact with Lepidus, Master of the Horse, and with his help soon gained control of affairs. Those who were prominently connected with the murder of Caesar withdrew from the city. At this time Octavius (afterwards called Octavianus), Caesar's heir, was in Epirus, completing his education by a season in the army. In May he returned to Rome, where, by skilfully taking advantage of every opportunity to advance his own interests, he soon became exceedingly popular. As soon as it became clear that the attempt to restore the old constitution had failed, Cicero retired to his villas and employed his time in writing works on philosophy. At the end of July, feeling insecure, he went to Sicily, whence on Aug. 2 he set sail for Greece. Being driven back by adverse winds to Leucopetra (south of Regium), he heard that there was a possibility of an agreement between Antony and Brutus and Cassius. Changing his plan he started for Rome, and reached the city on Aug. 31, only to find that all hope of a reconciliation was now gone, and that Antony had summoned a meeting of the Senate for the following day. Cicero, making a pretence of illness, did not attend this meeting, and in his absence was violently attacked by Antony who, as consul, presided. Now that Cicero was on the ground, a collision with Antony was inevitable. The other consul, Dolabella, who had been elected to fill out the unexpired term of Caesar, was friendly to the party of Brutus. On Sept. 2 he presided at a meeting of the Senate in the Temple of Concord, at which Cicero appeared, and replied to Antony's attack in a speech which, though moderate in tone, was nevertheless decided. This was followed in the last weeks of 44 and the earlier part of 43 by other speeches against Antony. Fourteen of these are extant; they are called Philippics, from their similarity to the celebrated Philippics of Demosthenes, directed against Philip of Macedon. In the latter part of November (44) two legions, the Fourth and the Martian, deserted Antony and went over to Octavianus, whereupon Antony left Rome, to prevent further defections. On the 20th of December, though both consuls were absent from the city, a meeting of the Senate was called to transact important business; Cicero arose and in a vehement speech (the Third Philippic), advocated the passing of a vote of thanks to the two legions that had left Antony, and proposing to make void the recent changes Antony had made in the assignment of the provinces. Both motions passed. At the close of the meeting Cicero informed the people, in the FOURTH PHILIPPIC, of the action of the Senate and its significance. |