Draw (III. 17) the straight line GAH, touching the circle in the point A., and at the point A, in the straight line AH, make (I. 23) the angle HAC equal to the angle DEF; and at the point A, in the straight line AG, make

the angle GAB equal to the angle DFE, and join BC; therefore, because HAG touches the circle ABC, and AC is drawn from the point of contact, the angle HAC is equal (III. 32) to the angle ABC in the alternate segment of the circle: but HAC is equal to the angle DEF; therefore also the angle

E

D

B

G

ABC is equal to DEF. For the same reason the angle ACB is equal to the angle DFE; therefore the remaining angle BAC is equal (I. 32) to the remaining angle EDF. Wherefore the triangle ABC is equiangular to the triangle DEF, and it is inscribed in the circle ABC. Which was to be done.

PROP. III. PROB.

About a given circle to describe a triangle equiangular to a given Justify the figure.

triangle.

Let ABC be the given circle, and DEF the given triangle; it is required to describe a triangle about the circle ABC equiangular to the triangle DEF.

M

A

B

m'

D

2

G E

FH

Produce EF both ways to the points G, H, and find the centre K of the circle ABC, and from it draw any straight line KB; at the point K in the straight line KB make (I. 23) the angle BKA equal to the angle DEG, and the angle BKC equal to the angle DFH; and through the points A, B, C, draw the straight lines LAM, MBN, NCL touching (III. 17) the circle ABC; therefore, because LM, MN, NL touch the circle ABC in the points A, B, C, to which from the centre are drawn KA, KB, KC, the angles at the points A, B, C are right (III. 18) angles. And because the four angles of the quadrilateral figure AMBK are equal to four right angles, for it can be divided into two triangles; and because two of them KAM, KBM are right angles, the other two AKB, AMB are equal to two right angles : but the angles DEG, DEF are likewise equal (I. 13) to two right angles; therefore the angles AKB, AMB are equal to the angles DEG, DEF, of which AKB is equal to DEG; wherefore the remaining angle AMB is equal to the remaining angle DEF. In like manner, the angle LNM may be demonstrated to be equal to DFE; and therefore the remaining angle MLN is equal (I. 32) to the remaining angle EDF; wherefore the triangle LMN is

equiangular to the triangle DEF; and it is described about the circle ABC. Which was to be done.

PROP. IV. PROB.

To inscribe a circle in a given triangle.

Let the given triangle be ABC; it is required to inscribe a circle in ABC.

Bisect (I. 9) the angles ABC, BCA, by the straight lines_BD, CD, meeting one another in the point D, from which draw (I. 12) DE, DF, DG perpendiculars to AB, BC, CA: then, because the angle EBD is equal to the angle FBD, the angle ABC being bisected by BD; and because the right angle BED is equal to the right angle BFD, the two triangles EBD, FBD have two angles of the one equal to two angles of the other; and the side BD, which is opposite to one of the equal angles in each, is common to both; therefore their other sides are equal (I. 26); wherefore DE B

E

D

F

is equal to DF. For the same reason DG is equal to DF; therefore the three straight lines DE, DF, DG are equal to one another, and the circle described from the centre D, at the distance of any of them, will pass through the extremities of the other two, and will touch the straight lines AB, BC, CA, because the angles at the points E, F, G, are right angles; and the straight line which is drawn from the extremity of a diameter at right angles to it, touches (III. 16, Cor.) the circle; therefore the straight lines AB, BC, CA, do each of them touch the circle, and the circle EFG is inscribed in the triangle ABC. Which was to be done.

und a pt. chindistant from 3 given

PROP. V. PROB.

To describe a circle about a given triangle.

Let the given triangle be ABC; it is required to describe a circle about ABC.

Bisect (I. 10) AB, AC in the points D, E, and from these points draw DF, EF at right angles (I. 11) to AB, AC; DF,

EF produced will meet one another; for, if they do not meet, they are parallel; wherefore AB, AC, which are at right angles to them, are parallel, which is absurd. Let them meet in F, and join FA; also, if the point F be not in BC, join BF, CF: then,

because AD is equal to DB, and DF common, and at right angles to AB, the base AF is equal (I. 4) to the base FB. In like manner, it may be shown that CF is equal to FA; and therefore BF is equal to FC; and FA, FB, FC are equal to one another; wherefore the circle described from the centre F, at the distance of one of them, will pass through the extremities of the other two, and be described about the triangle ABC. Which was to be done.

COR. When the centre of the circle falls within the triangle, each of its angles is less than a right angle, each of them being in a segment greater than a semicircle; but when the centre is in one of the sides of the triangle, the angle opposite to this side, being in a semicircle, is a right angle; and if the centre falls without the triangle, the angle opposite to the side beyond which it is, being in a segment less than a semicircle, is greater than a right angle. Wherefore, if the given triangle be acute-angled, the centre of the circle falls within it; if it be a right-angled triangle, the centre is in the side opposite to the right angle; and if it be an obtuse-angled triangle, the centre falls without the triangle, beyond the side opposite to the obtuse angle.

PROP. VI. PROB.

To inscribe a square in a given circle.

Let ABCD be the given circle; it is required to inscribe a square in ABCD.

Draw the diameters AC, BD at right angles to one another, and join AB, BC, CD, DA; because BE is equal to ED, E being the centre, and because EA is at right angles to BD, and common to the triangles ABE, ADE, the base BA is equal (I. 4) to the base AD and for the same reason BC, CD are each of them equal to BA or AD; therefore the quadrilateral figure ABCD is equilateral. It is also rectangular; for the straight line BD, being a diameter of the B circle ABCD, BAD is a semicircle; wherefore the angle BAD is a right (III. 31) angle. For the same reason, each of the angles ABC, BCD, CDA is a right angle; therefore the quadrilateral figure ABCD is rectangular, and it has been shown to be equilateral; therefore it is a square; and it is inscribed in the circle ABCD. Which was to be done.

C

E

D

Let ABCD be the given circle; it is required to describe a square about it.

Draw two diameters AC, BD of the circle ABCD, at right angles to one another, and through the points A, B, C, D draw (III. 17) FG, GH, HK, KF touching the circle; and because

B

F

E

D

FG touches the circle ABCD, and EA is drawn from the centre E to the point of contact A, the angles at A are right (III. 18) angles. For the same reason, the angles at the points B, C, Ď are right angles; and because the angle AEB is a right angle, as likewise is EBG, GH is parallel (I. 28) to AC. For the same reason, AC is parallel to G FK, and, in like manner, GF, HK may each of them be demonstrated to be parallel to BED; therefore the figures GK, GC, AK, FB, BK, are parallelograms; and GF is therefore equal (I. 34) to HK, and GH to FK. And because AC is equal to BD, and also to each of the two GH, FK, and BD to each of the two GF, HK; GH, FK are each of them equal to GF or HK; therefore the quadrilateral figure FGHK is equilateral. It is also rectangular; for GBEA being a parallelogram, and AEB a right angle, AGB (I. 34) is likewise a right angle. In the same manner, it may be shown that the angles at H, K, F are right angles; therefore the quadrilateral figure FGHK is rectangular: and it was demonstrated to be equilateral; therefore it is a square; and it is described about the circle ABCD. Which was to be done.

PROP. VIII. PROB.

H

To inscribe a circle in a given square.

K

Let ABCD be the given square; it is required to inscribe a circle in ABCD.

E

D

K

Bisect (I. 10) each of the sides AB, AD in the points F, E, and through E draw (I. 31) EH parallel to AB or DC, and through F draw FK parallel to AD or BC; therefore each of the figures AK, KB, AH, HD, AG, GC, BG, GD is a parallelogram, and their opposite sides are equal (I. 34); and because AD is equal to AB, and AE is the half of AD, and A AF the half of AB, AE is equal to AF; wherefore the sides opposite to these are equal, viz., FG to GE. In the same manner, it may be demonstrated that GH, GK are F each of them equal to FG or GE; therefore the four straight lines GE, GF, GH, GK are equal to one another; and the circle described from the centre G, at the distance of one of them, will pass through the extremities of the other three, and will also touch the straight lines AB, BC, CD, DA, because the angles at the points E, F, H, K are right (I. 29) angles, and because the straight line which is drawn from the extremity of a diameter, at right angles to it, touches the circle (III. 16, Cor.); therefore each of the straight lines AB, BC, CD, DA touches the circle, which is therefore inscribed in the square ABCD. Which was to be done.

B

H

C

PROP. IX. PROB.

To describe a circle about a given square.

Let ABCD be the given square; it is required to describe a

circle about it.

In the A

Join AC, BD, cutting one another in E; and because DA is equal to AB, and AC common to the triangles DAC, BAC, the two sides DA, AC are equal to the two BA, AC, and the base DC is equal to the base BC; wherefore the angle DAC is equal (I. 8) to the angle BAC, and the angle DAB is bisected by the straight line AC. same manner, it may be demonstrated that the angles ABC, BCD, CDA are severally bisected by the straight lines BD, AC; therefore because the angle DAB is equal to the angle ABC, and the angle EAB is the half of DAB, and EBA the half of ABC, the angle EAB is equal to the angle EBA, and the side EA (I. 6) to the side EB. In the same manner, it may be demonstrated that each of the straight lines EC, ED is equal to EA or EB; therefore the four straight lines EA, EB, EC, ED are equal to one another; and the circle described from the centre E, at the distance of one of them, must pass through the extremities of the other three, and be described about the square ABCD. Which was to be done.

PROP. X. PROB.

C

To describe an isosceles triangle, having each of the angles at the base double the third angle.

Take any straight line AB, and divide (II. 11) it in the point C, so that the rectangle AB.BC may be equal to the square of AC; and from the centre A, at the distance AB, describe the circle BDE, in which place (IV. 1) the straight line BD equal to AC, which is not greater than the diameter of the circle BDE. Join DA, DC, and about the triangle ADC describe (IV. 5) the circle ACD; the triangle ABD is such as is required, that is, each of the angles ABD, ADB is double the angle BAD.

E

B

Because the rectangle AB.BC is equal to the square of AC, and AC equal to BD, the rectangle AB.BC is equal to the square of BD; and because from the point B, without the circle ACD, two straight lines BCA, BD are drawn to the circumference, one of which cuts, and the other meets the circle, and the rectangle AB.BC contained by the whole of the cutting line, and the part of it without the circle, is equal to the square of BD which meets it; the straight line BD touches (III. 37) the circle ACD and because BD touches the circle, and DC is drawn from the point of contact D, the angle BDC is equal (III. 32) to the angle DAC in the alternate segment of the circle;