liberi solum inpedimentis omnibus sed domini rerum temporumque trahunt consiliis cuncta, non secuntur. Invic- 17

tus ergo Alexander cum invictis ducibus bella gessisset et eadem fortunae pignora in discrimen detulisset; immo 18 etiam eo plus periculi subisset, quod Macedones unum Alexandrum habuissent, multis casibus non solum obnoxium sed etiam offerentem se, Romani multi fuissent Ale- 19 xandro vel gloria vel rerum magnitudine pares, quorum suo quisque fato sine publico discrimine viveret morereturque.

19. Restat ut copiae copiis conparentur vel numero vel militum genere vel multitudine auxiliorum. Censebantur eius aetatis lustris ducena quinquagena milia capitum.

19. 1. eius aetatis: the period of Alexander's activity. In view of the plural lustris and the number of citizens, which is evidently an indefinite one, it is apparent that Livy is not referring to a particular census, but to the whole period of Alexander's campaigns. -lustris: the purificatory sacrifice, which regularly, though not always, followed the taking of the census,

an institution of Servius Tullius; I, 44, 2 ibi instructum exercitum omnem suovetaurilibus lustravit; idque conditum lustrum

2 Itaque in omni defectione sociorum Latini nominis urbano 3 prope dilectu decem scribebantur legiones; quaterni quinique exercitus saepe per eos annos in Etruria, in Vmbria Gallis hostibus adiunctis, in Samnio, in Lucanis gerebant bellum. Latium deinde omne cum Sabinis et Volscis et Aequis et omni Campania et parte Vmbriae Etruriaeque et Picentibus et Marsis Paelignisque ac Vestinis atque Apulis, adiuncta omni ora Graecorum inferi maris a Thuriis Neapolim et Cumas et inde Antio atque Ostiis

appellatum, quia is censendo finis factus est. Milia octoginta eo lustro civium censa dicuntur; adicit scriptorum antiquissimus Fabius Pictor, eorum qui arma ferre possent eum numerum fuisse. The census was taken every five years; after the beginning of the republic, by the consuls, until the office of censor was established in 443. Though the results of the census (tabulae censoriae) were preserved and were accessible to Livy, he does not give them systematically; the last one mentioned was that of 459, when the citizens numbered 117,319. Plut. de Fort. Rom. 13 says there were in Alexander's time 130,000 men capable of bearing arms.

2. in omni defectione: as a matter of fact there was no Latin revolt of any consequence after 338. sociorum Latini nominis: citizens of Latin towns and of towns in other parts of Italy to which the same privileges were granted. Latin towns had after 493 the ius commercii and proba

tenus, aut socios validos Romanis aut fractos bello invenisset hostes. Ipse traiecisset mare cum veteranis Macedoni- 5 bus, non plus triginta milibus hominum et quattuor milibus equitum, maxime Thessalorum; hoc enim roboris erat. Persas, Indos aliasque si adiunxisset gentes, inpedimentum maius quam auxilium traheret. Adde quod Romanis ad 6 manum domi supplementum esset, Alexandro, quod postea Hannibali accidit, alieno in agro bellanti exercitus consenuisset. Arma clupei sarisaeque illis [id est hastae]; Ro- 7 mano scutum, maius corpori tegumentum, et pilum, haud

correct, Livy must have committed here one of his many geographical blunders; see on 22, 3, 6. - Ostiis: usually a fem. sing. noun; here a neut. plur.; the same form is found in 22, 37, I and 27, 23, 3. — fractos bello and therefore of no assistance to him.

5. hominum = peditum ; cf. 21, 27, I equites virique. -hoc . erat: for this was his whole strength; the gen. is possessive. traheret used in the same sense in 9, 17, 16. For examples of the imperf. subj. in the apodosis, referring to past time, after a protasis in the plup. subj., see Lane, 2097 b.

6. adde quod: a poetical use, not found in prose before Livy. esset, consenuisset: a condition is implied for each verb; hence the subj.; for the tense of esset cf. traheret in the previous section.

7. clupei: a small round shield of bronze; cf. 8, 8, 3 clupeis antea (340 B.C.) Romani usi sunt; dein postquam stipendiarii facti

LIVY- - 13

sunt, scuta pro clupeis fecere. The neuter (clupeum) is more common than the masc. in Livy.

sarisae: cf. 37, 42, 4 praelongarum hastarum sarisas Macedones vocant; Polyb. 18, 12 says they were 14 cubits (about 20 feet) long and projected 10 cubits before the line. Romano: for the collective use cf. 1, 25, 12. scutum: an oblong shield about 4 feet long by 2 feet wide. It was made of wood, with a metal rim, and covered with hide. pilum: consisting of a wooden handle about 4 feet long and an iron shaft of the same length sunk in the handle so that the total length was only about 6 feet 9 inches. While the hasta, which was the chief weapon of the Romans down to 390 B.C., was usually retained in the hand, the pilum was thrown. Hence, ictu missuque must be explained as hendiadys, the blow being the effect of the cast. ictu cannot be explained as 193

8 paulo quam hasta vehementius ictu missuque telum. Statarius uterque miles, ordines servans; sed illa phalanx inmobilis et unius generis, Romana acies distinctior, ex pluribus partibus constans, facilis partienti, quacumque 9 opus esset, facilis iungenti. Iam in opere quis par Romano miles, quis ad tolerandum laborem melior? Vno proelio victus Alexander bello victus esset; Romanum, quem Caudium, quem Cannae non fregerunt, quae fregisset acies?

ΙΟ

Ne ille saepe, etiam si prima prospere evenissent, Persas et Indos et inbellem Asiam quaesisset et cum feminis sibi I bellum fuisse dixisset, quod Epiri regem Alexandrum, mortifero vulnere ictum, dixisse ferunt, sortem bellorum

a thrust, as opposed to a cast (missu), on the assumption that the pilum was sometimes used for that purpose, for it would not be, when used in that way, a more effective weapon than the hasta.

8. statarius: as opposed to light-armed troops with the tactics of skirmishers; in 22, 18, 3 Livy speaks of the Roman army as campestrem hostem, gravem armis statariumque. — unius generis: i.e. without distinction of service or arms, whereas in the Roman legion there was a systematic arrangement based on length of service, and the men were variously armed. - partienti: see on 9, 17, 4 intuenti. -esset: see on 3, 36, 8. The advantage of the Roman manipular organization, which was introduced about 390 B.C., is well illustrated in 44, 41, 6 ff. disiecerunt

in Asia gestorum ab hoc ipso iuvene cum sua conferentem. Equidem cum per annos quattuor et viginti primo Punico 12 bello classibus certatum cum Poenis recordor, vix aetatem Alexandri suffecturam fuisse reor ad unum bellum; et 13 forsitan, cum et foederibus vetustis iuncta res Punica Romanae esset et timor par adversus communem hostem duas potentissimas armis virisque urbis armaret, simul Punico Romanoque obrutus bello esset. Non quidem Alexandro 14 duce nec integris Macedonum rebus, sed experti tamen sunt Romani Macedonem hostem adversus Antiochum, Philippum, Persen non modo cum clade ulla, sed ne cum periculo quidem suo. Absit invidia verbo et civilia bella 15 sileant: [numquam ab equite hoste] numquam a pedite, numquam aperta acie, numquam aequis, utique numquam nostris locis laboravimus; equitem, sagittas, saltus inpedi- 16

Romans, and died there in 327. Gell. 17, 21, 33 eum Molossum, cum in Italiam transiret, dixisse accepimus se quidem ad Romanos ire quasi in andronitin, Macedonem ad Persas quasi in gynaeconitin. sua sc. sorte; i.e. cum sorte suorum bellorum.

13. foederibus: the first treaty with the Carthaginians mentioned by Livy was made in 349. Polyb. 3, 22 gives one of the year 509, but his statement is doubted. res Punica: cf. 1, 3, 1 res Latina.

14. Antiochum: in the war against Antiochus, king of Syria (192-189), the Macedonians themselves fought on the Roman side, but Antiochus used Macedonian tactics, especially at the battle of Magnesia. Philippum: Philip V,

against whom the Romans fought in the First and Second Macedonian Wars (214-205; 200–196).— Persen: son of Philip, defeated at the battle of Pydna in 168. non modo: see on 2, 23, 14.

...

verbo: may my

15. absit words excite no envy, i.e. in the minds of the gods; cf. 5, 21, 14 f. dicitur manus ad caelum tollens precatus esse, ut, si cui deorum hominumque nimia sua fortuna populique Romani videretur, ut eam invidiam lenire quam minimo suo privato incommodo publicoque populi Romani liceret. — sileant: i.e. let them say nothing to controvert my statement; let them not be taken into account. -numquam. . . laboravimus: even if numquam . . . hoste is bracketed