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nem nepotum, ut geniti, ut educati, ut cogniti essent, cae2 dem deinceps tyranni seque eius auctorem ostendit. Iuvenes per mediam contionem agmine ingressi cum avum regem ́salutassent, secuta ex omni multitudine consentiens vox ratum nomen imperiumque regi efficit.

3 Ita Numitori Albana re permissa, Romulum Remumque cupido cepit in iis locis, ubi expositi ubique educati erant, urbis condendae. Et supererat multitudo Albanorum Latinorumque; ad id pastores quoque accesserant, qui omnes facile spem facerent parvam Albam, parvum Lavinium 4 prae ea urbe quae conderetur fore. Intervenit deinde his cogitationibus avitum malum, regni cupido, atque inde foe

tected. - deinceps: equivalent to an adj. qualifying caedem; see on I, 4, 4 divinitus, and cf. 6, 14, 6 aliisque deinceps bellis, and 22, 7, II.

auctorem: i.e. he assumed the responsibility, because he had connived at the plot and Remus had gone from his house.

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1,37 Romulus pastores et convenas
congregasse (cf. Livy 2, 1, 4). Livy
here combines this with the later
story of the colony from Alba.
The legend of Romulus and Remus
is rarely taken seriously nowadays.
Rome may have been established
as a commercial emporium for the
Alban towns, or a settlement al-
ready existing may have developed
and prospered contemporaneously
with them, on account of its geo-
graphical advantages, without any
regular colonization. 5, 54, 4 non
sine causa dii hominesque hunc
urbi condendae locum elegerunt,
saluberrimos colles, flumen oppor-
tunum, quo ex mediterraneis locis
fruges devehantur, quo maritimi
commeatus accipiantur, mare vici-
num ad commoditates nec expositum
nimia propinquitate ad pericula
classium externarum, regionem
Italiae mediam, ad incrementum
urbis natum unice locum.

2. contionem: the concilio of § 1. agmine: abl. of manner. In Verg. Aen. 2, 212 agmine certo Laocoonta petunt, the word refers to the straight course of the two serpents. agmine ingressi therefore may be translated marching. For a different use see 3, 50, 3. ratum . . . efficit: see on Praef. 5.

3. Albana re: cf. 1, 3, 1 res Latina. supererat was excessive. - ad id: in addition to this; i.e. to the number of Albans and Latins. According to the earlier tradition Rome was founded by shepherds and refugees; Cic. Orat.

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m certamen, coortum a satis miti principio. Quoniam mini essent nec aetatis verecundia discrimen facere sset, ut dii, quorum tutelae ea loca essent, auguriis leget, qui nomen novae urbi daret, qui conditam imperio eret, Palatium Romulus, Remus Aventinum ad inaugudum templa capiunt.

7. Priori Remo augurium venisse fertur, sex vultures, I que nuntiato augurio cum duplex numerus Romulo se endisset, utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat ; pore illi praecepto, at hi numero avium regnum trahet. Inde cum altercatione congressi certamine irarum ad 2 dem vertuntur; ibi in turba ictus Remus cecidit. Vulga

- essent, posset: the reason in
ninds of Romulus and Remus ;
ce the subjunctive. -dii: ac-
ing to 1, 12, 4 Jupiter alone
responsible for the omen..
ae: possessive genitive; cf.
I, 12 and 24, 22, 15 quae suae
tutelaeque essent. The usual
ession is sub tutela.- auguriis:
ulus was regarded as the
der of the Roman system of
ry; Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 5 mi-
e ita persuasi Romulum aus-
s, Numam sacris constitutis
lamenta iecisse nostrae civi-
- qui= uter; cf. I, 24, 3.
men: Ennius (in Cic. de Div.
7), certabant, urbem Romam
ramne vocarent. - inaugu-
im: to ask for a sign; usually,
consecrate. - templa: open
s, regularly marked out for
bservation of signs; in app.
Palatium and Aventinum.

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tior fama est ludibrio fratris Remum novos transiluisse muros; inde ab irato Romulo, cum verbis quoque increpitans adiecisset "sic deinde quicumque alius transiliet moe3 nia mea," interfectum. Ita solus potitus imperio Romulus; 153 condita urbs conditoris nomine appellata.

B.C.

I

B.C.

The Deification of Romulus

16. His inmortalibus editis operibus, cum ad exercitum 716 recensendum contionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito coorta tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque tam denso regem operuit nimbo, ut conspectum eius contioni abstulerit; nec deinde in terris Romulus fuit. 2 Romana pubes sedato tandem pavore, postquam ex tam turbido die serena et tranquilla lux rediit, ubi vacuam se

according to the common story, therefore, Remus was not killed until the walls had been built by Romulus, who in accordance with the omen was laying the foundation of the city. The story is told by Ov. Fast. 4, 841-852, who, however, says that Remus was killed by Celer. - ludibrio: dat. of purpose. For the gen. fratris see on 9, II, 12. — sic deinde: the verb is to be supplied from interfectum.

3. conditoris nomine: this derivation is no longer accepted, nor is that from póun. The word has been connected with ruma (see on 1, 4, 5), with Rumon, said to have been an earlier name of the Tiber, both of these being derived from the root meaning to flow (Gr. péw), and with Ramnes; but

the derivation remains absolutely
uncertain.

16. References: Dion. Hal. 2, 56. Plut. Rom. 27 f. Ov. Fast. 2, 481 ff.; Met. 14, 805 ff.

16. 1. his . . . operibus: the
omitted chapters give the history
of the reign of Romulus. inmor-
talibus: 1, 7, 15 iam tum inmor-
talitatis virtute partae, ad quam
eum sua fata ducebant, fautor.
- Ca-
- campo = Campo Martio.-
prae paludem: in the locality
where the Circus of Flaminius
was afterward built. - tempestas;
Cic. Rep. 1, 25 says that Romulus
disappeared during an eclipse of
the sun. contioni: see on I, I,
I duobus. abstulerit for the
tense see on 1, 3, 4 ausi sint.

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-

2. pubes: see on 1, 6, 1.-ex

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n regiam vidit, etsi satis credebat patribus, qui proximi
terant, sublimem raptum procella, tamen velut orbitatis
tu icta maestum aliquamdiu silentium obtinuit. Deinde a 3
cis initio facto deum deo natum, regem parentemque urbis
manae, salvere universi Romulum iubent; pacem preci-
s exposcunt, uti volens propitius suam semper sospitet
geniem. Fuisse credo tum quoque aliquos, qui discerp- 4
regem patrum manibus taciti arguerent- manavit
m haec quoque sed perobscura fama-; illam alteram
niratio viri et pavor praesens nobilitavit. Et consilio 5
am unius hominis addita rei dicitur fides. Namque Procu-
Iulius, sollicita civitate desiderio regis et infensa patribus,
vis, ut traditur, quamvis magnae rei auctor in contionem

die: for this use of ex cf. 22, II e consulatu, and for the lar use of ab see on I, 1, 4; g. Georg. 1, 393 ex imbri soles berta serena. -sublimem: cf. and see on Praef. 11 serae; adv. sublime is used in 21, 30, orbitatis: properly used with ence to Romulus, who in § 3 lled parens urbis. - obtinuit: he intrans. use in 21, 46, 10.

deum: it was long afterward the deified Romulus was idenI with the Sabine war-god inus and worshiped under. name. -salvere iubent: they d him.-pacem... progeniem : alliteration is intentional,acteristic of the language of 1. The asyndeton in volens ritius and the archaic sospito indicate that this is an anformula. - pacem: favor;

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6 prodit. "Romulus" inquit, "Quirites, parens urbis huius,
prima hodierna luce caelo repente delapsus se mihi obvium
dedit. Cum perfusus horrore venerabundus adstitissem,
7 petens precibus, ut contra intueri fas esset, 'abi, nuntia'
inquit, Romanis, caelestes ita velle, ut mea Roma caput
orbis terrarum sit; proinde rem militarem colant, sciantque
et ita posteris tradant nullas opes humanas armis Romanis
resistere posse.' Haec" inquit "locutus sublimis abiit."
8 Mirum quantum illi viro nuntianti haec fides fuerit, quam-
que desiderium Romuli apud plebem exercitumque facta
fide inmortalitatis lenitum sit.

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noun.

8. quantum: to what extent; adv. acc. with fides fuerit. - fuerit: ind. quest. introduced by mirum (est). Ordinarily, mirum quantum is used adverbially, with no effect on the mood of the verb; e.g. 2, I, II. Cf. the use of nescio quid and the Gr. θαυμαστὸν ὅσον ; also Hor. Od. 1, 27, 6 immane quantum.

6. Quirites: Livy gives in 1, 13, given by the position before its
5 what was in antiquity the gen-
erally accepted etymology of the
word, ita geminata urbe, ut
Sabinis tamen aliquid daretur,
Quirites a Curibus appellati; i.e.
he derives it from the name of the
town Cures. Mommsen derives
it from quiris or curis, a spear,
and the root of ire, comparing
Iuno quiritis, (Mars) quirinus,
and Ianus quirinus, where the
epithet characterizes the divinities
as spear-bearers. -huius: for the
unusual position cf. 22, 46, 5.
horrore: awe.- contra: face to
face; cf. 9, 6, 8.

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Chapters 17-23 contain an account of the interregnum following the death of Romulus, the election and reign of Numa Pompilius, and the beginning of the reign of Tullus Hostilius, of which the traditional dates were 672640. While he was king, war was declared between the Romans and the Albans, but before they came to a battle, it was decided to settle the dispute in the manner described in the following chapters.

7. velle ut in no other place does Livy use ut and the subjunctive with velle; elsewhere he has the subjunctive without ut, the infinitive, or accusative and infinitive. Plutarch and Dionysius add to this speech of Romulus, éyò δ ̓ ὑμῖν εὐμενὴς ἔσομαι δαίμων Κυpîvos.-mea: note the emphasis

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