virgae securesque etiam ad ceterorum metum expedirentur. Nam praeterquam quod in populo nihil erat praesidi sub- 6 lata provocatione, intercessionem quoque consensu sustulerant, cum priores decemviri appellatione collegae corrigi reddita ab se iura tulissent, et quaedam, quae sui iudici videri possent, ad populum reiecissent. Aliquamdiu aequa- 7 tus inter omnes terror fuit; paulatim totus vertere in plebem coepit. Abstinebatur a patribus; in humiliores lubidinose crudeliterque consulebatur. Hominum, non causarum, toti erant, ut apud quos gratia vim aequi haberet. Iudicia domi conflabant, pronuntiabant in foro. Si quis 8 collegam appellasset, ab eo, ad quem venerat, ita discedebat, ut paeniteret non prioris decreto stetisse. Opinio 9 etiam sine auctore exierat non in praesentis modo temporis eos iniuriam conspirasse, sed foedus clandestinum inter ipsos iure iurando ictum, ne comitia haberent perpetuoque decemviratu possessum semel obtinerent imperium.

I

B C.

44. Sequitur aliud in urbe nefas, ab libidine ortum, haud 449 minus foedo eventu quam quod per stuprum caedemque Lucretiae urbe regnoque Tarquinios expulerat, ut non finis solum idem decemviris, qui regibus, sed causa etiam eadem imperi amittendi esset. Ap. Claudium virginis plebeiae 2 stuprandae libido cepit. Pater virginis, L. Verginius, honestum ordinem in Algido ducebat, vir exempli recti domi militiaeque. Perinde uxor instituta fuerat liberique instiDesponderat filiam L. Icilio tribunicio, viro 4 acri et pro causa plebis expertae virtutis. Hanc virginem adultam, forma excellentem, Appius amore amens pretio ac spe perlicere adortus, postquam omnia pudore saepta animadvertit, ad crudelem superbamque vim animum con5 vertit. M. Claudio clienti negotium dedit, ut virginem in servitutem adsereret, neque cederet secundum libertatem

3 tuebantur.

difficulty of enlisting an army to repel attacks of the Sabines and Aequians, and unsuccessful operations against those peoples. In chap. 43 there is an account of the murder of L. Siccius, a soldier in the army fighting against the Sabines, who was agitating the question of a secession of the people.

like himself. liberique instituebantur his children were being trained; so far as is known, Verginia was his only child; see 3, 45, 9.

3. tribunicio: see 3, 35, 5.

4. spe: promises.

5. Claudio: the client took the gentile name of his patron. In the earlier period, a client could not go to law in person, but was

44. 1. quod: sc. nefas; subject represented by his patron. It is of expulerat.

doubtful when the privilege of independent action was secured.

postulantibus vindicias, quod pater puellae abesset, locum iniuriae esse ratus. Virgini venienti in forum — ibi nam- 6 que in tabernaculis litterarum ludi erant — minister decemviri libidinis manum iniecit, serva sua natam servamque appellans, sequique se iubebat: cunctantem vi abstracturum. Pavida puella stupente, ad clamorem nutricis fidem 7 Quiritium inplorantis fit concursus. Vergini patris sponsique Icili populare nomen celebratur. turbam indignitas rei virgini conciliat. cum adsertor nihil opus esse multitudine concitata ait: se iure grassari, non vi. Vocat puellam in ius. (Auctoribus qui aderant, ut sequeretur, ad tribunal Appi perventum est. Notam iudici fabulam petitor, quippe apud ipsum auctorem argumenti, peragit: puellam domi suae natam furtoque

ing of adsereret, cf. § 6 manum

iniecit.
neque et ne; see on I,
2, 4; cf. 3, 52, 11. — cederet.
vindicias: according to the Laws
of the Twelve Tables (see § 12),
until a case of this sort could be
tried, the custody of the person
was assigned to those who claimed
that he was free, and they gave
security for his appearance at the
trial. In this case, Appius simply
directed his client to disregard the
law. - secundum in; cf. 3, 45, 2.
The literal meaning is, that he
should not yield to those who
claimed her for freedom; with
postulare vindicias, to lay claim,
cf. § 12 vindicias det.

6. namque: often in Livy the second word in the sentence; cf. 22, 50, 3; earlier prose writers placed it always first. — taberna

Notos gratia eorum,
Iam a vi tuta erat, 8

culis: schools in tents were evidently temporary affairs, intended for the poorer people. - litterarum : reading and writing.

7. notos: friends and acquaintances, contrasted with turbam. — gratia eorum: regard for them; corum is objective genitive.

8. adsertor: claimant; cf. § 5 adsereret. - grassari: see on 2, 27, 7. He had attempted at first to take the girl by force, but now, on account of the threatened disturbance, was going through the form of a legal process.

9. auctoribus: note the verbal force of this noun; those who were on her side advising her to follow. Cf. the use of transfuga in 2, 1, 4 aderant sc. puellae; her supporters. - fabulam, argumenti: stage terms; see 7, 2, 8. fabula is the

10 inde in domum Vergini translatam suppositam ei esse; id se indicio conpertuin adferre probaturumque vel ipso Verginio iudice, ad quem maior pars iniuriae eius pertineat; 11 interim dominum sequi ancillam aequum esse. Advocati

puellae, cum Verginium rei publicae causa dixissent abesse, 12 biduo adfuturum, si nuntiatum ei sit, iniquum esse absentem de liberis dimicare, postulant, ut rem integram in patris adventum differat, lege ab ipso lata vindicias det secundum libertatem, neu patiatur virginem adultam famae prius quam libertatis periculum adire.

45. Appius decreto praefatur, quam libertati faverit, eam ipsam legem declarare, quam Vergini amici postulationi 2 suae praetendant; ceterum ita in ea firmum libertati fore praesidium, si nec causis nec personis variet; in iis enim qui adserantur in libertatem, quia quivis lege agere possit,

story of the play in detail; argumentum is the plot. — suppositam ei esse: had been fraudulently represented to him as his child; i.e. palmed off on Verginius as his own daughter.

10. ad quem pertineat: he was injured more than any one else, as he had believed that the girl was his own child. - interim: until the case should be tried; see on $5.

II. advocati: friends who aided her by their presence and advice.. Under the empire the word was applied to lawyers who pleaded in court. Verginium . . . dimicare: the omission of connectives gives a very businesslike appearance to this enumeration of facts.

12. dimicare: to incur danger.

id iuris esse; in ea quae in patris manu sit, neminem esse alium, cui dominus possessione cedat; placere itaque pa- 3 trem arcessiri, interea iuris sui iacturam adsertorem non facere, quin ducat puellam sistendamque in adventum eius, qui pater dicatur, promittat. Adversus iniuriam decreti 4 cum multi magis fremerent quam quisquam unus recusare auderet, P. Numitorius, puellae avus, et sponsus Icilius interveniunt; dataque inter turbam via, cum multitudo 5 Icili maxime interventu resisti posse Appio crederet, lictor decided decresse ait, vociferantemque Icilium submovet. Placidum 6 quoque ingenium tam atrox iniuria accendisset. "Ferro hinc tibi submovendus sum, Appi," inquit, "ut tacitum