qui nunc pars Romanae est urbis cognomen colli fecit. 10 Proca deinde regnat. Is Numitorem atque Amulium procreat; Numitori, qui stirpis maximus erat, regnum vetus. tum Silviae gentis legat. Plus tamen vis potuit quam voluntas patris aut verecundia aetatis. Pulso fratre AmuI lius regnat. Addit sceleri scelus; stirpem fratris virilem interimit, fratris filiae Reae Silviae per speciem honoris, cum Vestalem eam legisset, perpetua virginitate spem partus adimit. I 4. Sed debebatur, ut opinor, fatis tantae origo urbis ma 2 ximique secundum deorum opes imperi principium. Vi con pressa Vestalis cum geminum partum edidisset, seu ita rata, seu quia deus auctor culpae honestior erat, Martem incertae 3 stirpis patrem nuncupat. Sed nec dii nec homines aut ipsam aut stirpem a crudelitate regia vindicant; sacerdos vincta in custodiam datur, pueros in profluentem aquam mitti iubet. 10. maximus: older; see on § 2 maior. For the superlative, used of only two, cf. 2, 24, 4; 21, 36, 8 infimam.-aetatis: objective genitive. II. filiae: dat. with adimit. Reae: this spelling is better than Rhea, as the name is probably the fem. of reus, and, as applied to a Vestal, is explained by a passage in Macrob. Sat. 3, 2, 6 ut reus vocetur qui suscepto voto se numinibus obligat. Rea is identical with Ilia, who, according to Ennius (Serv. ad Aen. 6, 778), was the daughter of Aeneas.-legisset: the king here has the function which later belonged to the pontifex maximus. Forte quadam divinitus super ripas Tiberis effusus leni- 4 bus stagnis nec adiri usquam ad iusti cursum poterat amnis, et posse quamvis languida mergi aqua infantes spem ferentibus dabat. Ita velut defuncti regis imperio, in proxima 5 eluvie, ubi nunc ficus Ruminalis est-Romularem vocatam 4. forte quadam divinitus: two explanations are possible: that the expression embodies the question whether human affairs are regulated by the gods or by chance (cf. 5, 49, I dii... forte quadam; 22, 42, 10 di forte); or, that it is a translation of the Greek θεία τινὶ τύχῃ. For, though For, though τύχη commonly suggests divine power and is so used in this phrase, it is also used in the exact sense of the Latin fors, and the latter word would have been used to translate the Greek. Considered as a translation, therefore, the Latin phrase contains no contradiction. divinitus: for the adv. qualifying a noun cf. 6, 39, 6 maximo privatim periculo, nullo publice emolumento; also the common phrase, forte temere, with which forte divinitus may be contrasted. - Tiberis effusus: Tiberis is the subject of poterat, Tiberis effusus (the fact that the river had overflowed; see on 1, 3, 9 is sepultus), the subject of dabat. — lenibus stagnis: abl. of manner. Such floods were of frequent occurrence before the valley of the Forum and that of the Circus Maximus were drained, and the river was confined by walls. The bend in the river throws the water especially into the valley between the Capitoline and the Palatine, the place, according to tradition, where Romulus and Remus were abandoned. nec. . . et et non . . . et, the two conjunctions being correlative; cf. 9, 4, 8; 30, 30, 29; 40, 56, 3 et . neque.-iusti: proper, ordinary; the adj. would naturally agree with cursum; there is a similar peculiarity of agreement in 1, 9, 13 violati hospiti foedus; see on I, I, 4 maiora. - amnis: this pleonastic use is quite in Livy's style and similar to that of urbis in 1, 3, 3.- quamvis: with one exception, always used by Livy as an adverb; in 2, 40, 7 it occurs as a conjunction with the indicative. aqua: the loc. abl. without a prep., where the noun is unqualified, is a poetical construction, but is common in Livy. 5. in proxima eluvie: on the edge of the overflow. - ficus Ruminalis near the Lupercal, at the western angle of the Palatine, opposite the Capitoline. Ov. Fast. 2, 411 f. arbor erat; remanent vestigia, quaeque vocatur Rumina nunc ficus, Romula ficus erat. It was not from Romulus, however, that the tree got its name. It was 6 ferunt-pueros exponunt. Vastae tum in his locis solitu dines erant. Tenet fama, cum fluitantem alveum, quo expo siti erant pueri, tenuis in sicco aqua destituisset, lupam sitientem ex montibus qui circa sunt ad puerilem vagitum cursum flexisse; eam submissas infantibus adeo mitem praebuisse mammas, ut lingua lambentem pueros magister 7 regii pecoris invenerit-Faustulo fuisse nomen ferunt; ab eo ad stabula Larentiae uxori educandos datos. Sunt qui Larentiam vulgato corpore lupam inter pastores vocatam putent; inde locum fabulae ac miraculo datum. probably sacred to Rumina (ruma = mamma, Fest. p. 270), goddess of nursing children, and came naturally to be regarded as the one under which the wolf suckled Romulus and Remus. Hence the incorrect derivation given by Livy and Ovid. It would appear from Ovid that the tree had almost disappeared in his time, and it is known that then and later a tree was venerated under this name in the Comitium, said to be the original one, brought from the Palatine by the augur, Attus Navius. 6. vastae: empty, waste, the original meaning, as in 3, 52, 5; cf. vanus, vacuus. The statement is inconsistent with Livy's subsequent reference to Evander, unless in his locis refers, not to the site of Rome, but to the small district surrounded by the Capitoline, Palatine, and Aventine. tenet: cf. 21, 46, 10 fama obtinuit and the Greek λόγος κατέχει. - quo: see on § 4 aqua. - in sicco: see on 1, 3, 2 certo.—mitem: adjective for adverb; see on Praef. 11 serae. 7. Faustulo: attracted into the case of ei, to be supplied. The name is the diminutive of faustus.—ad: at; cf. ad pecora in § 8, and see on 1, 3, 8. — Larentiae: Acca Larentia was an old Italian earth goddess, identical with Dea Dia, and worshiped as the mother of the Lares.- uxori : dat. of ind. obj. with datos and dat. of agent with educandos. Another interpretation takes ad stabula with datos, translating the verb carried; cf. 30, 30, 19; 31, 37, 9 praeceps ad terram datus, and the phrases in fugam dare, in vincula dare, etc. If this is correct, ad is used in its ordinary sense, and uxori is to be taken only with educandos. - sunt qui etc.: an attempt to rationalize the story, based upon the fact that the goddess Acca Larentia was called also Luperca, and upon the secon⚫ dary meaning of lupa. Ita geniti itaque educati, cum primum adolevit aetas, nec 8 in stabulis nec ad pecora segnes, venando peragrare saltus. Hinc robore corporibus animisque sumpto iam non feras 9 tantum subsistere, sed in latrones praeda onustos impetus facere, pastoribusque rapta dividere, et cum his, crescente in dies grege iuvenum, seria ac iocos celebrare. 5. Iam tum in Palatio monte Lupercal hoc fuisse ludi- I crum ferunt, et a Pallanteo, urbe Arcadica, Pallantium, dein Palatium montem appellatum. Ibi Euandrum, qui ex eo 2 genere Arcadum multis ante tempestatibus tenuerit loca, sollemne adlatum ex Arcadia instituisse, ut nudi iuvenes subsistere: they 9. iam no longer lay in wait only for wild beasts. This active use of subsisto seems to occur elsewhere only in 9, 31, 6. — seria . . . celebrare: seria refers to such things as have just been described; iocos anticipates the next chapter; celebrare means to do anything in a crowd. 5. 1. Palatio monte: the hill is usually called mons Palatinus or Palatium; monte must be taken as in app. with Palatio. - Lupercal: the cave on the western side of the Palatine sacred to Lupercus (lupus-arceo), who was identical with Faunus and Pan. Here, however, Lupercal is for Lupercalia, the festival of Lupercus, celebrated annually on the 15th of February, -a use of the word not found use. elsewhere. hoc: i.e. the one still celebrated. Augustus enlarged and adorned the cave and restored the festival, which had fallen into disludicrum: used elsewhere of public games or plays; nowhere else of a purely religious festival, but the use is justified by the nature of the festival (lusum atque lasciviam; cf. iocos at the end of the preceding chapter). Pallanteo: Verg. Aen. 8, 54. The town was in the southeastern part of Arcadia. The real origin of the word Palatium is probably the root pa; cf. pasco, pater, Pales. 2. ex eo genere: the people living in Pallanteum and its neighborhood. genus = gens, as in 27, 48, 10. tempestatibus: the length of time indicated by this word is quite indefinite; Dion. I, 31 says sixty years before the Trojan War. sollemne: a regular festival, with no idea of solemnity, as is shown by the fact that in § I it Lycaeum Pana venerantes per lusum atque lasciviam cur 3 rerent, quem Romani deinde vocaverunt Inuum. Huic deditis ludicro, cum sollemne notum esset, insidiatos ob iram praedae amissae latrones, cum Romulus vi se defendisset, Remum cepisse, captum regi Amulio tradidisse ultro accu4 santes. Crimini maxime dabant in Numitoris agros ab iis impetus fieri; inde eos collecta iuvenum manu hostilem in modum praedas agere. Sic Numitori ad supplicium Remus deditur. 5 Iam inde ab initio Faustulo spes fuerat regiam stirpem apud se educari; nam et expositos iussu regis infantes sciebat, et tempus quo ipse eos sustulisset ad id ipsum congruere; sed rem inmaturam nisi aut per occasionem aut 6 per necessitatem aperire noluerat. Necessitas prior venit; ita metu subactus Romulo rem aperit. Forte et Numitori, is called ludicrum. - Lycaeum: Pan was worshiped especially at Mt. Lycaeus in southern Arcadia, and on account of his similar character (note also the derivation of the name Λυκαῖος from λύκος) was identified with the Roman Faunus Lupercus. Justin 43, 1, 7 in (Palatii) radicibus templum Lycaeo, quem Graeci Pana, Romani Lupercum appellant, constituit; ipsum dei simulacrum nudum caprina pelle amictum est, quo habitu Romae nunc Lupercalibus decurritur. This passage explains nudi in the text. -lusum atque lasciviam: for the alliteration see on Praef. 12. 3. deditis: dat. with insidiatos. — ultro accusantes: going so far as to accuse him; ultro commonly means beyond what is expected. 4. fieri. agere: an abrupt change of voice sometimes interrupts the usual smoothness of Livy's narrative; cf. 1, 4, 3; 3, 46, 5; 3, 49, 4. — collecta. manu: the phrase would have come more naturally in the preceding clause, as the band must have been collected before the attacks were made. 5. iam inde ab initio: see on 1, 2, 3.- spes fuerat: there is a similar use of sperare with the pres. inf. in the sense to believe, but only of a thing to be desired; see 5, 46, 3. — ad . congruere : a very rare construction; the dat. is regularly used with congruere; cf. 42, 17, I. 6. metu: the fear that Remus might be punished by his own grandfather. Numitori: not a |