Orationes et pro se multae et pro aliis et in alios; nam non 8 solum accusando sed etiam causam dicendo fatigavit inimicos. Simultates nimio plures et exercuerunt eum et s ipse exercuit eas; nec facile dixeris, utrum magis presserit eum nobilitas, an ille agitaverit nobilitatem. Asperi pro- 10 cul dubio animi et linguae acerbae et inmodice liberae fuit, sed invicti a cupiditatibus animi, rigidae innocentiae, contemptor gratiae, divitiarum. In parsimonia, in patientia 11 laboris et periculi ferrei prope corporis animique, quem ne

hunc Lesbio sacrare plectro. omnis generis: including not only his speeches, but also his numerous writings on various subjects, history (the De Originibus), military tactics, medicine, etc.

8. pro se: se is justified by supplying a Catone habitae; according to Plut. Cato 15 he was a defendant nearly fifty times. pro aliis: contrasted with pro se, in alios with pro aliis; but the combination is an unfortunate one, as some of the speeches in alios would be included among those pro se accusando, causam dicendo: referring chiastically to in alios and to pro se and pro aliis; causam dicere is used only of the defendant or his supporters.

9. simultates . . . eas: numerous feuds occupied him and he on his part did not let them rest. nimio plures: very many; for nimio see on 1, 2, 3 and for plures without the idea of comparison, cf. 42, 17, 6. —exercuerunt... exercuit: Cic. Orat. 135 sunt ora

tionis lumina et quodammodo insignia, cum

continenter

unum verbum non in eadem sententia ponitur. eas: completing the chiastic structure; for the peculiar arrangement of this sentence see on 22, 6, 2.— nobilitas: the nobility; for the use of the abstract noun cf. 3, 47, I civitas.

10. a cupiditatibus: personified; hence the preposition. — gratiae: favor.

11. laboris et periculi: cf. the description of Cato in 34, 18, 3 ff. sed in consule ea vis animi atque ingeni fuit ut omnia maxima minimaque per se adiret atque ageret, nec cogitaret modo imperaretque quae in rem essent, sed pleraque ipse per se transigeret nec in quemquam omnium gravius severiusque quam in semet ipsum imperium exerceret, parsimonia et vigiliis et labore cum ultimis militum certaret nec quicquam in exercitu suo praecipui praeter honorem atque imperium haberet.

12 senectus quidem, quae solvit omnia, fregerit, qui sextum et octogesimum annum agens causam dixerit, ipse pro se oraverit scripseritque, nonagesimo anno Ser. Galbam ad populi adduxerit iudicium.

B.C.

Death of Hannibal.

I 51. Ad Prusiam regem legatus T. Quinctius Flamininus 183 venit, quem suspectum Romanis et receptus post fugam Antiochi Hannibal et bellum adversus Eumenem motum 2 faciebat. Ibi seu quia a Flaminino inter cetera obiectum Prusiae erat hominem omnium qui viverent infestissimum populo Romano apud eum esse, qui patriae suae primum,

thynia, at whose court Hannibal had taken refuge after the Romans had conquered Antiochus in 190.

Flamininus: some writers mention only him, others mention other envoys; Flamininus was evidently the leader of the embassy; 39, 56, 7 Hannibalem hoc anno Antias Valerius decessisse est auctor, legatis ad eam rem ad Prusiam missis praeter T. Quinctium Flamininum, cuius in ea re celebre est nomen, L. Scipione Asiatico et P. Scipione Nasica. Romanis: dat. of agent; see on 21, 34, 9.—receptus . . . Hannibal, bellum . . . motum: see on - Eumenem : 21, 1, 5 angebant. king of Pergamum and an ally of Rome.

2. seu ... seu: Livy here appears to be doubtful, but cf. § 11. According to some authorities, the idea originated with Flamininus; according to others, he was

deinde fractis eius opibus Antiocho regi auctor belli adversus populum Romanum fuisset, seu quia ipse Prusias, ut 3 gratificaretur praesenti Flaminino Romanisque, per se necandi aut tradendi eius in potestatem consilium cepit, a primo conloquio Flaminini milites extemplo ad domum Hannibalis custodiendam missi sunt. Semper talem 4 exitum vitae suae Hannibal prospexerat animo, et Romanorum inexpiabile odium in se cernens et fidei regum nihil sane fretus; Prusiae vero levitatem etiam expertus erat; Flaminini quoque adventum velut fatalem sibi horruerat. Ad omnia undique infesta, ut iter semper aliquod praepara- 5 tum fugae haberet, septem exitus e domo fecerat et ex iis quosdam occultos, ne custodia saepirentur. Sed grave 6 imperium regum nihil inexploratum quod vestigari volunt

simply obeying the instructions of the senate. - patriae . . . auctor belli: see on 21, I, I.

3. potestatem: sc. eorum; the dependent gen. is often omitted with this phrase where it is easily supplied from the context. -a... Flaminini: after the first conference with Flamininus; this use of a is not uncommon in Livy. domum; according to Plut. Flam. 20 and others, this was at Libyssa in Bithynia; Plin. 5, 32, 148 speaks of a tumulus of Hannibal there, which was proof of the fulfillment of the prophecy given by App. Syr. 1 Λίβυσσα κρύψει βῶλος ̓Αννίβου δέμας.

4. nihil sane: by no means; sane is added to nihil as a strengthening adverb. The usual phrase in this sense is haud sane;

see 21, 29, 4. - Prusiae . . . levitatem: 45, 44, 19 Polybius eum regem indignum maiestate nominis tanti tradit; pilleatum, capite raso obviam ire legatis solitum libertumque se populi Romani ferre.— etiam going beyond the previous general statement; in fact, in the case of Prusias, he had even had experience of his unreliability. Under what circumstances Hannibal had discovered this characteristic we are not informed. fatalem: fatal; in this sense found very rarely before Livy, and only in poetry.

5. ad: on account of; in view of the fact that he was (or, might be) all surrounded by enemies ; for this use of ad cf. § 8 and see on I, 25, 6.

efficit. Totius circuitum domus ita custodiis conplexi 7 sunt ut nemo inde elabi posset. Hannibal, postquam est nuntiatum milites regios in vestibulo esse, postico, quod devium maxime atque occultissimi exitus erat, fugere cona8 tus, ut id quoque occursu militum obsaeptum sensit et omnia circa clausa custodiis dispositis esse, venenum quod multo ante praeparatum ad tales habebat casus, poposcit. 9 "Liberemus" inquit "diuturna cura populum Romanum, Io quando mortem senis exspectare longum censent. Nec

magnam nec memorabilem ex inermi proditoque Flamininus victoriam feret. Mores quidem populi Romani quanII tum mutaverint, vel hic dies argumento erit. Horum patres Pyrrho regi, hosti armato, exercitum in Italia habenti, ut a veneno caveret praedixerunt; hi legatum consularem, qui auctor esset Prusiae per scelus occidendi 12 hospitis, miserunt." Execratus deinde in caput regnumque Prusiae, et hospitales deos violatae ab eo fidei testes invocans, poculum exhausit. Hic vitae exitus fuit Hannibalis.

BOOK XL

Death of Philip, King of Macedonia

179 B.C.

I

54. Eodem anno Philippus rex Macedonum, senio et maerore consumptus post mortem fili, decessit. Deme- 2 triade hibernabat, cum desiderio anxius fili, tum paenitentia crudelitatis suae. Stimulabat animum et alter filius 3 haud dubie et sua et aliorum opinione rex, conversique in eum omnium oculi, et destituta senectus, aliis exspectantibus suam mortem, aliis ne exspectantibus quidem. Quo magis angebatur, et cum eo Antigonus, Echecratis 4 filius, nomen patrui Antigoni ferens, qui tutor Philippi

tains; cf. the meaning of ango,

e.g. in § 4.

3. alter filius . . . rex: the first of the three subjects of stimulabat; the fact that his other son (Perseus) was regarded as king; rex takes the place of the usual participle in this construction, as in conversi... oculi; see on 21, 1,5 angebant. — conversique: note the correlatives et et, the second member being thus closely connected with and subordinated to the first.- eum: Perseus.- suam: referring to the logical subject of the sentence, Philip, while sua, just before, refers to filius.

...

-que

4. quo... angebatur: i.e. this added to the bitterness of his sorrow over the death of his son.tutor: guardian; Philip was only eight years old at the death of his father, Demetrius, in 229. Antig.