cum in custodia Remum haberet audissetque geminos esse fratres, conparando et aetatem eorum et ipsam minime servilem indolem, tetigerat animum memoria nepotum; sciscitandoque eodem pervenit, ut haud procul esset, quin Remum agnosceret. Ita undique regi dolus nectitur. Romu- 7 lus non cum globo iuvenum nec enim erat ad vim apertam par sed aliis alio itinere iussis certo tempore ad regiam venire pastoribus ad regem impetum facit, et a domo Numitoris alia conparata manu adiuvat Remus. Ita regem obtruncant.

6. Numitor inter primum tumultum hostis invasisse ur- 1 bem atque adortos regiam dictitans, cum pubem Albanam in arcem praesidio armisque obtinendam avocasset, postquam iuvenes perpetrata caede pergere ad se gratulantes vidit, extemplo advocato concilio scelus in se fratris, origi

dat. of possession with animum, but a dat. of reference qualifying the whole sentence, a common construction in Livy. conparando: such an abl. of the gerund is generally connected with the grammatical subject, as is sciscitando in the next sentence; here it is connected with the logical subject Numitori; cf. 9, 5, 11. eodem: to the same conclusion as Faustulus. esset: impersonal; cf. 9, 2, 3.

7. iuvenum: men of military age equipped for war. "In this and many other passages the notion of youth seems to have disappeared from the word iuvenis. It means simply a soldier. Those within the military age were iuvenes, in contrast with the senes, who were

nem nepotum, ut geniti, ut educati, ut cogniti essent, cae 2 dem deinceps tyranni seque eius auctorem ostendit. Iuvenes per mediam contionem agmine ingressi cum avum regem salutassent, secuta ex omni multitudine consentiens vox ratum nomen imperiumque regi efficit. 3 Ita Numitori Albana re permissa, Romulum Remumque cupido cepit in iis locis, ubi expositi ubique educati erant, urbis condendae. Et supererat multitudo Albanorum Latinorumque; ad id pastores quoque accesserant, qui omnes facile spem facerent parvam Albam, parvum Lavinium 4 prae ea urbe quae conderetur fore. Intervenit deinde his cogitationibus avitum malum, regni cupido, atque inde foe

tected. deinceps: equivalent to an adj. qualifying caedem; see on I, 4, 4 divinitus, and cf. 6, 14, 6 aliisque deinceps bellis, and 22, 7, II. - auctorem: i.e. he assumed the responsibility, because he had connived at the plot and Remus had gone from his house.

2. contionem: the concilio of § I. agmine: abl. of manner. In Verg. Aen. 2, 212 agmine certo Laocoonta petunt, the word refers to the straight course of the two serpents. agmine ingressi therefore may be translated marching. For a different use see 3, 50, 3.

1, 37 Romulus pastores et convenas congregasse (cf. Livy 2, 1, 4). Livy here combines this with the later story of the colony from Alba. The legend of Romulus and Remus is rarely taken seriously nowadays. Rome may have been established as a commercial emporium for the Alban towns, or a settlement already existing may have developed and prospered contemporaneously with them, on account of its geographical advantages, without any regular colonization. 5, 54, 4 non sine causa dii hominesque hunc urbi condendae locum elegerunt, saluberrimos colles, flumen opportunum, quo ex mediterraneis locis fruges devehantur, quo maritimı commeatus accipiantur, mare vicinum ad commoditates nec expositum nimia propinquitate ad pericula classium externarum, regionem Italiae mediam, ad incrementum urbis natum unice locum.

dum certamen, coortum a satis miti principio. Quoniam gemini essent nec aetatis verecundia discrimen facere posset, ut dii, quorum tutelae ea loca essent, auguriis legerent, qui nomen novae urbi daret, qui conditam imperio regeret, Palatium Romulus, Remus Aventinum ad inaugurandum templa capiunt.

7. Priori Remo augurium venisse fertur, sex vultures, I iamque nuntiato augurio cum duplex numerus Romulo se ostendisset, utrumque regem sua multitudo consalutaverat ; tempore illi praecepto, at hi numero avium regnum trahebant. Inde cum altercatione congressi certamine irarum ad 2 caedem vertuntur; ibi in turba ictus Remus cecidit. Vulga

4. essent, posset: the reason in the minds of Romulus and Remus ; hence the subjunctive. —dii: according to 1, 12, 4 Jupiter alone was responsible for the omen. tutelae: possessive genitive; cf. 21, 41, 12 and 24, 22, 15 quae suae fidei tutelaeque essent. The usual expression is sub tutela. — auguriis: Romulus was regarded as the founder of the Roman system of augury; Cic. de Nat. D. 3, 5 mihique ita persuasi Romulum auspiciis, Numam sacris constitutis fundamenta iecisse nostrae civitatis. qui uter; cf. I, 24, 3. -nomen: Ennius (in Cic. de Div. I, 107), certabant, urbem Romam Remoramne vocarent. - inaugurandum : to ask for a sign; usually, to consecrate. templa: open spaces, regularly marked out for the observation of signs; in app. with Palatium and Aventinum.

tior fama est ludibrio fratris Remum novos transiluisse muros; inde ab irato Romulo, cum verbis quoque increpitans adiecisset "sic deinde quicumque alius transiliet moe3 nia mea," interfectum. Ita solus potitus imperio Romulus; 153 condita urbs conditoris nomine appellata.

B.C.

B.C.

The Deification of Romulus

I 16. His inmortalibus editis operibus, cum ad exercitum 716 recensendum contionem in campo ad Caprae paludem haberet, subito coorta tempestas cum magno fragore tonitribusque tam denso regem operuit nimbo, ut conspectum eius contioni abstulerit; nec deinde in terris Romulus fuit. 2 Romana pubes sedato tandem pavore, postquam ex tam turbido die serena et tranquilla lux rediit, ubi vacuam se

according to the common story, therefore, Remus was not killed until the walls had been built by Romulus, who in accordance with the omen was laying the foundation of the city. The story is told by Ov. Fast. 4, 841-852, who, however, says that Remus was killed by Celer. - ludibrio: dat. of purpose. For the gen. fratris see on 9, II, 12. — - sic deinde: the verb is to be supplied from interfectum.

3. conditoris nomine: this derivation is no longer accepted, nor is that from ῥώμη. The word has been connected with ruma (see on I, 4, 5), with Rumon, said to have been an earlier name of the Tiber, both of these being derived from the root meaning to flow (Gr. péw), and with Ramnes; but

the derivation remains absolutely uncertain.

16. References: Dion. Hal. 2, 56. Plut. Rom. 27 f. Ov. Fast. 2, 481 ff.; Met. 14, 805 ff.

- campo =

...

Ca

16. 1. his . . . operibus: the omitted chapters give the history of the reign of Romulus.· - inmortalibus: 1, 7, 15 iam tum inmortalitatis virtute partae, ad quam eum sua fata ducebant, fautor. Campo Martio. prae paludem: in the locality where the Circus of Flaminius was afterward built.-tempestas ; Cic. Rep. 1, 25 says that Romulus disappeared during an eclipse of the sun. contioni: see on I, I, I duobus. abstulerit: for the tense see on 1, 3, 4 ausi sint.

2. pubes: see on 1, 6, 1.—ex

dem regiam vidit, etsi satis credebat patribus, qui proximi steterant, sublimem raptum procella, tamen velut orbitatis metu icta maestum aliquamdiu silentium obtinuit. Deinde a 3 paucis initio facto deum deo natum, regem parentemque urbis Romanae, salvere universi Romulum iubent; pacem precibus exposcunt, uti volens propitius suam semper sospitet progeniem. Fuisse credo tum quoque aliquos, qui discerp- 4 tum regem patrum manibus taciti arguerent — manavit enim haec quoque sed perobscura fama-; illam alteram admiratio viri et pavor praesens nobilitavit. Et consilio 5 etiam unius hominis addita rei dicitur fides. Namque Proculus Iulius, sollicita civitate desiderio regis et infensa patribus, gravis, ut traditur, quamvis magnae rei auctor in contionem

... die for this use of ex cf. 22, 49, 11 e consulatu, and for the similar use of ab see on I, I, 4; Verg. Georg. 1, 393 ex imbri soles et aperta serena. — sublimem: cf. § 7 and see on Praef. II serae; the adv. sublime is used in 21, 30, 8.-orbitatis: properly used with reference to Romulus, who in § 3 is called parens urbis. — obtinuit: cf. the intrans. use in 21, 46, 10.

3. deum: it was long afterward that the deified Romulus was identified with the Sabine war-god Quirinus and worshiped under that name. — salvere iubent: they hailed him.-pacem... progeniem : the alliteration is intentional, — a characteristic of the language of ritual. The asyndeton in volens propitius and the archaic sospito also indicate that this is an ancient formula. pacem: favor;