sed expectatione erecti, qui deinde status futurus Graeciae, quae sua fortuna esset; alii alia non taciti solum opinabantur sed sermonibus etiam ferebant Romanos facturos; vix 4 cuiquam persuadebatur Graecia omni cessuros. Ad spec

taculum consederant, et praeco cum tubicine, ut mos est, in mediam aream, unde sollemni carmine ludicrum indici solet, 5 processit et tuba silentio facto ita pronuntiat: "Senatus Romanus et T. Quinctius imperator, Philippo rege Macedonibusque devictis, liberos, inmunes, suis legibus esse iubet Corinthios, Phocenses, Locrensesque omnis et insulam Euboeam et Magnetas, Thessalos, Perrhaebos, Achaeos 6 Phthiotas." Percensuerat omnis gentis, quae sub dicione Philippi regis fuerant. Audita voce praeconis maius gau

7 dium fuit quam quod universum homines acciperent. Vix

4. ad spectaculum: cf. 21, 42, I. -aream: the stadium. sollemni carmine: in established formula; for the meaning of sollemni see on 3, 36, 3.

5. senatus: theoretically, the right to declare war and conclude peace belonged to the people; in practice, both questions were decided by the senate. Val. Max. 4, 8,5 has senatus populusque Romanus, and so Appian. -T. Quinctius: T. Quinctius Flamininus, consul in 198 and commander in the second war against Philip of Macedon, whom he defeated at Cynoscephalae in Thessaly in 197. — liberos: politically

free. inmunes:
exempt from
taxation; cf. 21, 45, 5.
suis legi-
bus repeating somewhat more
definitely the idea of liberos; cf.
33, 30, I f. pax data Philippo in
has leges est, ut omnes Graecorum
civitates, quae in Europa quaeque
in Asia essent, libertatem ac suas
haberent leges. - iubet: for the
singular verb see on 1, 3, I.— - Lo-
crensesque omnis: Ozolian, Epic-
nemidian, and Opuntian. - Per-
rhaebos in southern Thessaly.
Achaeos Phthiotas: southeast of
Thessaly. In 33, 34, 6 the Ores-
tae and Dolopes also are men-
tioned.

6. omnis gentis: other states which had been in alliance with Philip had already been won over by Flamininus or had been subdued.- quam . . . acciperent: cf.

satis credere se quisque audisse, et alii alios intueri mirabundi velut ad somni vanam speciem; quod ad quemque pertinebat, suarum aurium fidei minimum credentes, proximos interrogabant. Revocatus praeco, cum unusquisque 8 non audire modo sed videre libertatis suae nuntium averet, iterum pronuntiavit eadem. Tum ab certo iam gaudio tan- 9 tus cum clamore plausus est ortus totiensque repetitus, ut facile adpareret nihil omnium bonorum multitudini gratius quam libertatem esse. Ludicrum deinde ita raptim perac- 10 tum est, ut nullius nec animi nec oculi spectaculo intenti essent; adeo unum gaudium praeoccupaverat omnium aliarum sensum voluptatium.

33. Ludis vero dimissis cursu prope omnes tendere ad 1 imperatorem Romanum, ut ruente turba in unum adire, 2 contingere dextram cupientium, coronas lemniscosque iacientium haud procul periculo fuerit. Sed erat trium 3 ferme et triginta annorum, et cum robur iuventae tum

9, 9, 14; 27, 50, 7.-universum : all at once.

7. ad: for the meaning see on 1, 25, 6. — quod . . . pertinebat: as to that which concerned them individually; i.e. the treatment of their own states.

9. ab: denoting cause, as in 1, I, 4. iam connect with certo.

10. animi: apparently an unparalleled use of the plural in this sense, applied to one person. praeoccupaverat: prevented.

33. 1. ludis . . . dimissis: the festival, for those attending it; as colloquially in English, "The play is out;" cf. 26, 15, 6 dimittens praetorium. The oppo

gaudium ex tam insigni gloriae fructu vires suppeditabat. 4 Nec praesens tantummodo effusa est laetitia, sed per multos dies gratis et cogitationibus et sermonibus renovata: 5 esse aliquam in terris gentem, quae sua inpensa, suo labore 6 ac periculo bella gerat pro libertate aliorum nec hoc finitimis aut propinquae vicinitatis hominibus aut terris conti7 nentibus iunctis praestet, sed maria traiciat, ne quod toto orbe terrarum iniustum imperium sit, ubique ius, fas, lex potentissima sint. Vna voce praeconis liberatas omnis 8 Graeciae atque Asiae urbes; hoc spe concipere audacis animi fuisse, ad effectum adducere et virtutis et fortunae ingentis.

4.

Book XXXVIII

Trial of Scipio

50. Oppressit deinde mentionem memoriamque omnem 187 contentionis huius maius et cum maiore et clariore viro

B.C.

certamen ortum. P. Scipioni Africano, ut Valerius Antias 5 auctor est, duo Q. Petillii diem dixerunt. Id, prout cuiusque ingenium erat, interpretabantur. Alii non tribunos 6 plebis, sed universam civitatem, quae id pati posset, incusabant: duas maximas orbis terrarum urbes ingratas uno 7 prope tempore in principes inventas, Romam ingratiorem, si quidem victa Carthago victum Hannibalem in exilium expulisset, Roma victrix victorem Africanum expellat. Alii, neminem unum civem tantum eminere debere, ut legi- 8

7, 19. App. Syr. 40. Ihne, 4, 326-332. Mommsen, 2, 483-484.

50. 4. contentionis huius: regarding the triumph claimed by Cn. Manlius for his operations in Asia. maius et . . . viro: for the combination of attributives of different form see on 21, 29, 4.

5. Valerius Antias: see Introd. 7.-Q. Petillii: Dio Cassius, fr. 70, says they were ådeλpoí (brothers or, possibly, cousins); according to Plut. Cato Major 15, it was Cato who induced them to bring the charge. Only one could legally appear as plaintiff, and only one is mentioned by Polybius and Aurelius Victor. There is much confusion in ancient writers regarding this trial and the end of Scipio's life; 38, 56, 2 non de accusatore convenit alii M. Naevium, alii Petillios diem dixisse scribunt

non de tempore quo dicta dies sit, non de anno quo mortuus sit, non ubi mortuus aut elatus sit. Alii Romae, alii Literni et mortuum et sepultum. Gell. 4, 18 gives Nae

vius as the plaintiff. The confusion is probably due to the fact that there were two distinct prosecutions, the first brought by the Petillii against L. Scipio, the second by Naevius against Africanus. If the date of the tribuneship of Naevius is correctly given by Livy 39, 52, 4, this second prosecution did not occur till 185. — diem dixerunt for the charge see 38, 51, I. 6. tribunos plebis: the Petillii. 7. Carthago . . . expulisset: Hannibal's political enemies in Carthage reported to the Romans that he was trying to induce Antiochus, king of Syria, to make war upon Rome. On the approach of Roman envoys he fled to Antiochus at Ephesus. This was in 193. He never returned to Carthage. — expulisset. . . expellat: a striking instance of the freedom which Livy allowed himself in the sequence of tenses; see on 1, 27, 8. Roma. . . Africanum: note the chiastic order and cf. the preceding victa . . . Hannibalem.

-

bus interrogari non possit; nihil tam aequandae libertatis esse quam potentissimum quemque posse dicere causam. 9 Quid autem tuto cuiquam, nedum summam rem publicam, permitti, si ratio non sit reddenda? Qui ius aequum pati Io non possit, in eum vim haud iniustam esse. Haec agitata sermonibus, donec dies causae dicendae venit. Nec alius antea quisquam nec ille ipse Scipio consul censorve maiore omnis generis hominum frequentia quam reus illo die in I forum est deductus. Iussus dicere causam, sine ulla criminum mentione orationem adeo magnificam de rebus ab se gestis est exorsus, ut satis constaret neminem umquam 12 neque melius neque verius laudatum esse. Dicebantur

8. neminem unum civem: no single citizen; see on 3, 45, 4 quisquam unus, and, for the adj. use of nemo, cf. 9, 9, 16. — legibus interrogari: lit. be examined as to the laws; a technical term, referring to the custom of asking the defendant, when the charge was made, whether or not he had broken the law in question. tam: qualifying aequandae libertatis as if the phrase were an adj.; cf. 25, 31, 15 ni tam in tempore subvenisset. - aequandae libertatis: descriptive genitive, giving the tendency or purpose of nihil. - posse dicere causam: i.e. could be accused, so that he would be compelled to defend himself.

9. nedum used regularly, as a negative (nihil) is implied in the preceding words; Livy does, how ever, use nedum where no negative is expressed or implied, as, e.g., in 9, 18, 4. — vim: referring to the

present charge, though the statement is a general one. The idea is this, that if Scipio were subject to the same laws as other citizens, there would be no question as to his liability to scrutiny; if he holds himself exempt and fears investigation, severe treatment is justified.

10. dies causae dicendae: such a case was tried before an informal assembly of the people (contio). The trial was adjourned (diem prodicere) three times; at the fourth contio the magistrate gave his decision, and seventeen days later this was submitted to the comitia for approval.

II. sine . . . mentione: connect with est exorsus.— orationem: referring, not to the brief speech of 38, 51, 7 ff., but to a much longer one omitted by Livy possi bly because it was not preserved in the confused tradition of the trial. - melius: i.e. for better things.