connected with the implementation of the provisions of the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities, and shall in particular: (a) control the withdrawal of foreign forces in accordance with the provisions of the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities and see that frontiers are respected; (b) control the release of prisoners of war and civilian internees; (c) supervise, at ports and airfelds and along all the frontiers of Cambodia, the application of the Cambodian declaration concerning the introduction into Cambodia of military personnel and war materials on grounds of foreign assistance. Article 14 A Joint Commission shall be set up to facilitate the implementation of the clauses relating to the withdrawal of foreign forces. The Joint Commission may form joint groups the number of which shall be decided by mutual agreement between the parties. The Joint Commission shall facilitate the implementation of the clauses of the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities relating to the simultaneous and general cease-fire in Cambodia for all regular and irregular armed forces of the two parties. It shall assist the parties in the implementation of the said clauses; it shall ensure liaison between them for the purpose of preparing and carrying out plans for the implementation of the said clauses; it shall endeavour to settle any disputes between the parties arising out of the implementation of these clauses. The Joint Commission may send joint groups to follow the forces in their movements; such groups shall be disbanded once the withdrawal plans have been carried out. Article 15 The Joint Commission shall be composed of an equal number of representatives of the Commands of the parties concerned. Article 16 The International Commission shall, through the medium of the inspection teams mentioned above and as soon as possible, either on its own initiative or at the request of the Joint Commission or of one of the parties, undertake the necessary investigations both documentary and on the ground. Article 17 The inspection teams shall transmit to the International Commission the results of their supervision, investigations and observations; furthermore, they shall draw up such special reports as they may consider necessary or as may be requested from them by the Commission. In the case of a disagreement within the teams, the findings of each member shall be transmitted to the Commission. Article 18 If an inspection team is unable to settle an incident or considers that there is a violation or threat of a serious violation, the International Commission shall be informed; the Commission shall examine the reports and findings of the inspection teams and shall inform the parties of the measures to be taken for the settlement of the incident, ending of the violation or removal of the threat of violation. Article 19 When the Joint Commission is unable to reach agreement on the interpretation of a provision or on the appraisal of a fact, the International Commission shall be informed of the disputed question. Its recommendations shall be sent directly to the parties and shall be notified to the Joint Commission. Article 20 The recommendations of the International Commission shall be adopted by a majority vote, subject to the provisions of article 21. If the votes are equally divided, the Chairman's vote shall be decisive. The International Commission may make recommendations concerning amendments and additions which should be made to the provisions of the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities in Cambodia, in order to ensure more effective execution of the said Agreement. These recommendations shall be adopted unanimously. Article 21 On questions concerning violations, or threats of violations, which might lead to a resumption of hostilities, and in particular, (a) refusal by foreign armed forces to effect the movements provided for in the withdrawal plan, (b) violation or threat of violation of the country's integrity by foreign armed forces, the decisions of the International Commission must be unanimous. Article 22 If one of the parties refuses to put a recommendation of the International Commission into effect, the parties concerned or the Commission itself shall inform the members of the Geneva Conference. If the International Commission does not reach unanimity in the cases provided for in article 21, it shall transmit a majority report and one or more minority reports to members of the Conference. The International Commission shall inform the members of the Conference of all cases in which its work is being hindered. Article 23 The International Commission shall be set up at the time of the cessation of hositilities in Indo-China in order that it may be able to perform the tasks prescribed in article 13. Article 24 The International Commission for Supervision and Control in Cambodia shall act in close cooperation with the International Commissions in Viet-Nam and Laos. The Secretaries-General of those three Commissions shall be responsible for coordinating their work and for relations between them. Article 25 The International Commission for Supervision and Control in Cambodia may, after consultation with the International Commissions in Viet-Nam and in Laos, and having regard to the development of the situation in Viet-Nam and in Laos, progressively reduce its activities. Such a decision must be adopted unanimously. CHAPTER V-IMPLEMENTATION Article 26 The Commanders of the forces of the two parties shall ensure that persons under their respective commands who violate any of the provisions of the present Agreement are suitably punished. Article 27 The present Agreement on the cessation of hostilities shall apply to all the armed forces of either party. Article 28 The Commanders of the forces of the two parties shall afford full protection and all possible assistance and co-operation to the Joint Commission and to the International Commission and its inspection teams in the performance of their functions. Article 29 The Joint Commission, composed of an equal number of representatives of the Commands of the two parties, shall assist the parties in the implementation of all the clauses of the Agreement on the cessation of hostilities, ensure liaison between the two parties, draw up plans for the implementation of the Agreement, and endeavour to settle any dispute arising out of the implementation of the said clauses and plans. Article 30 The costs involved in the operation of the Joint Commission shall be shared equally between the two parties. Article 31 The signatories of the present Agreement on the cessation of hostilities and their successors in their functions shall be responsible for the observance and enforcement of the terms and provisions thereof. The Commanders of the forces of the two parties shall, within their respective commands, take all steps and make all arrangements necessary to ensure full compliance with all the provisions of the present Agreement by all personnel under their command. Article 32 The procedures laid down in the present Agreement shall, whenever necessary be examined by the Commands of the two parties and, if necessary, defined more specifically by the Joint Commission. Article 33 All the provisions of the present Agreement shall enter into force at 00 hours (Geneva time) on 23 July 1954. Done at Geneva on 20 July 1954 Khmer National Armed Forces (signed) General NHIEK TIOULONG For the Commander-in-Chief of the For the Commander-in-Chief of the Units of the Khmer Resistance Forces and for the Commander-in-Chief of the Viet-Namese Military Units (signed) TA-QUANG-BUU Vice-Minister of National Defence of the APPENDIX II BIOGRAPHIES OF VARIOUS PERSONAGES IN INDOCHINA VIETNAMESE Bao Dai, Chief of State of Vietnam Prior to the end of World War II, Bao Dai was Emperor of Annam, then a protectorate of France. He ascended the imperial throne of Annam in 1926 at the age of 12. In 1945 Bao Dai abdicated the throne, and the Empire of Annam became extinct as a political entity. For a few months in 1945 and 1946 Bao Dai served as "supreme adviser" for the government of Ho Chi Minh, then establishd in Hanoi, but in the spring of 1946 he went to Hong Kong, where he remained for several years in exile. In 1949 he concluded an agreement with France to establish the State of Vietnam, of which he is sovereign, ruling with the title of Chief of State. His wife, the Empress Nam Phuong, has been living in France for some time with their children. Bao Dai has also been living in France since April 1954. Ngo Dinh Diem, President of the Council of Ministers of the State of Vietnam Born in Hue in 1901, Diem belongs to an old and distinguished mandarin family of central Vietnam. After graduating from the Hanoi School of Administration he entered the mandarinate and rose rapidly to become Province Chief in 1930. In this capacity he is said to have used very drastic measures to repress revolutionary activities in his Province. In 1932 he headed a commission to investigate charges of corruption in the Annamese administration, and in 1933 he became Minister of the Interior under the new Emperor of Annam, Bao Dai. When the reform program he believed in was shelved Diem promptly resigned and went into political retirement, part of which he spent in Japan. After the March 9, 1945, Japanese coup in Indochina, Diem turned down an offer to form a new government under Bao Dai (sponsored by the Japanese) and a later offer to serve as Ho Chi Minh's Minister of Interior. The Vietminh arrested Diem in September 1945 and released him in March 1946, at which time he went into hiding in Hanoi. From 1947 to 1949 he played an active role in negotiations for Bao Dai's return to power. Recognized throughout Vietnam as the most important true nationalist, Diem was able to rally much support to what seemed then to be the answer to Vietnamese nationalist aspirations. However, Diem favored a bilateral alliance with France (rather than membership in the French Union as then conceived), and opposed the continued presence of French Army, police, and security systems as incompatible with Vietnamese sovereignty. In disagreement with the policies of Bao Dai and the French authorities, Diem consequently refused Bao Dai's offer to lead or support a Vietnamese govern ment set up in accordance with the Franco-Vietnamese agreements of March 8, 1949. Diem went into self-imposed exile in France, Belgium, the United States (2 years). However, in June 1954, after the fall of Dien Bien Phu, and while the Geneva Conference was still in process, Diem was given "full powers" by Chief of State Bao Dai (then residing in France) and returned to form a new government which took office July 6, 1954, and was soon faced with implementation of the Geneva agreement of July 22, 1954, which partitioned Vietnam at the 17th parallel, and started the flow of refugees from the Vietminh area in the north, to free Vietnam in the south. Family: His father, Ngo Dinh Khai, was Minister of Rites at the Imperial Court of Annam and Lord Chamberlain to the Emperor Thanh Thai. His eldest brother, Ngo Dinh Khoi, Province Chief of Quang Nam Province, was killed by the Vietminh in August 1945, together with the latter's son Ngo Dinh Huan. Another brother is Ngo Dinh Thuc, Bishop of Vinh Long, South Vietnam, one of the best-known members of the Vietnamese Catholic hierarchy. The three remaining brothers are Ngo Dinh Nhu, an archivist and paleographer by profession and a prominent Catholic nationalist, Ngo Dinh Diem's alter ego at the Presidential Palace Ngo Dinh Luyen, who has served Bao Dai at various times and now acts as a roving ambassador and his brother's eyes and ears in Paris, Geneva, Cannes, and elsewhere; and Ngo Dinh Can, who with the mother still lives in Hue. Diem is a bachelor, an intellectual, and Catholic. Tran Van Do, Minister of Foreign Affairs Brother of the Vietnamese Ambassador to the United States, Tran Van Chuong, Dr. Do belongs to a distinguished family of Cochinchinese origin, long resident in North Vietnam. He studied medicine in France, practiced in Saigon and was mobilized as first chief of the Vietnamese Army Medical Corps with the rank of colonel. Dr. Do's present position is his first Government post. Nguyen Van Hinh, major general, chief of staff, Vietnamese National Army Born in 1916, Hinh is the son of former President Tam. During World War II, General Hinh served as a lieutenant colonel in the French Air Force. After 1949 he held a number of positions in the Vietnamese Government. He was appointed brigadier general in the Vietnamese National Army and named to his present position as chief of staff in 1952. His wife, a Frenchwoman, is active in the social-welfare work of the Vietnamese National Army. Prince Buu Loc, High Commissioner of Vietnam in France. Born August 22, 1914, at Hue, central Vietnam. Member of the former imperial family of Annam, descendant of the Emperor Gialong and cousin of His Majesty Bao Dai. Doctor of political and economic science. Chairman of Vietnamese delegation to 1948-49 conference preceding signature of the Franco-Vietnamese accords of March 8, 1949. Director of the Imperial Cabinet at Dalat, 1949-50. Director of the Imperial Cabinet at Paris, 1950-52. First High Commissioner of Vietnam to France, 1952-53: Elevated to personal rank of Ambassador of Vietnam, July 27, 1952, and presented credentials to President of French Union on September 16, 1952. Special imperial envoy charged with the organization of the Vietnamese National Congress, October 1953. Designated by Bao Dai to form government, December 1953, he assumed office January 1954. His government was replaced by the Diem Government in July 1954. Buu Loc is currently High Commissioner of Vietnam in France. Nguyen Van Tam, former President of the Government of Vietnam and Minister of the Interior Former President Tam rose to that position through a life of Government service, having worked for many years in the French colonial administration of prewar Cochinchina (now South Vietnam). Following the reestablishment of French control in Cochinchina in 1945, he became active in the now defunct Cochinchina separatist movement, which advocated the establishment of an independent Republic of Cochinchina. In 1950 Tam became Director of the National Security Service (Sureté) of Vietnam. Rising through a series of appointments, he was named in June 1952 to the post of President of the Government (equivalent to Prime Minister), which position he held along with the post of Minister of the Interior until his government was replaced by that of Buu Loc in January 1954. He is a widower. Former President Tam was born in Cochinchina in 1895. Of his children, one daughter remains unmarried, and his son, Gen. Nguyen Van Hinh, is chief of staff of the Vietnamese National Army. Tran Van Huu, former President of the Council of Ministers Born in 1896 at Vinh Long, South Vietnam, Tran Van Huu studied in Saigon and then went to north Africa, where he received the diploma of agricultural engineer. Returning to Indochina, he obtained posts first in the agricultural service and then in the Credit Foncier, a land-mortgage bank. He was elected to various consultative councils in the prewar period, and also served in the provisional government of the Republic of Cochinchina. In July 1949, he became Governor of South Vietnam in Bao Dai's government, continuing to serve under Nguyen Phan Long, and then was appointed President of the Council of Ministers, Foreign Minister, and Minister of National Defense on May 8, 1950. As Prime Minister, he led the Vietnamese delegation to the San Francisco Conference of 1951. In June of 1952 he was replaced as Prime Minister by Nguyen Van Tam. Nguyen Van Xuan, general in the French Army Xuan is the only Vietnamese officer to have attained the rank of general in the French Army. Born in 1892, in Cochinchina, he was the first Vietnamese admitted to the Paris Ecole Polytechnique. He became a French citizen, fought in World War I, and distinguished himself at Verdun. In In World War II, he was chief of the 3e bureau, and served in the military section of the Ministry of Colonies. He was imprisoned briefly during the French retreat in 1940, was released, and returned to Indochina in 1941. 1942, he was subdirector of artillery of Cochinchina-Cambodia (as an officer in the French Army). He refused the Japanese offer of head of the Ministry of War in a puppet government. After the March 1945 coup, he was imprisoned in Hanoi until the Japanese surrender. He refused to take part in the Vietminh Government of August 1945. General Kuan organized native armies in Cambodia and Laos. He headed the Cochinchina delegations to the Dalat conferences, in 1946. In 1946, he became Minister of National Defense, and Vice President of the first provisional government under Nguyen Van Thinh, then Vice President under Le Van Hoach in 1947, and finally President and Minister of Interior and of National Defense of the Provisional Central Government in 1948. He participated in the Baie d'Along meeting and worked untiringly for the return of Bao Dai. In 1949, he retired as President of the provisional government and became Vice President and Minister of National Defense in the Bao Dai government of 1949, and was promoted to major general in the French Army. He has been out of office since January 1950, but is still active in politics. General Kuan has a French wife. He speaks and understands almost no Vietnamese as he has spent most of his life in France. Nguyen Phan Long, former President of the Council of Ministers Long, journalist and President of the Council of Ministers in 1950, is a veteran politician who has become one of Vietnam's elder statesmen. Born in Hanoi in 1889 of Cochinchinese parents, Long has spent most of his life in the south. After attending college in Hanoi, he was employed in the French Customs Administration and then founded the conservative Constitutionalist Party. He subsequently became the owner of a boys' school, which he sold in 1930 to enter the newspaper field, gaining the reputation of being one of the country's best journalists. He served on various consultative councils in the prewar period, and presumably continued his newspaper work during World War II and afterward. After 6 months as Foreign Minister under Bao Dai, Long assumed the premiership in January 1950, but friction with the conservative nationalist Dai Viet party contributed to the Cabinet's downfall a few months later. Since then he has not actively participated in journalism or in politics, although he was a delegate to the National Congress held in midOctober 1953. Long is a conservative nationalist who at first favored Ho Chi Minh, but who changed his attitude completely, backing Bao Dai when Ho's Communist allegiance became clear. He now has little following among the Vietnamese, and |